diff --git a/bsp/Infineon/libraries/HAL_Drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/Infineon/libraries/HAL_Drivers/drv_spi.c
index 30c6fd9bde..28efc62c49 100644
--- a/bsp/Infineon/libraries/HAL_Drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/Infineon/libraries/HAL_Drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ static rt_err_t spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     uint32_t max_hz;
diff --git a/bsp/Vango/v85xx/drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/Vango/v85xx/drivers/drv_spi.c
index 84c77c29a4..7fa11d4455 100644
--- a/bsp/Vango/v85xx/drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/Vango/v85xx/drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device, struct rt_spi_configurat
 
     if(configuration->data_width > 8)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device, struct rt_spi_configurat
 
     if(!(configuration->mode & RT_SPI_MSB))
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     spi_init_struct.Mode = SPI_MODE_MASTER;
diff --git a/bsp/airm2m/air32f103/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/airm2m/air32f103/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
index ba9a96139a..4b39fa3d14 100644
--- a/bsp/airm2m/air32f103/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/airm2m/air32f103/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ static rt_err_t air32_spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device, struct rt_spi_
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     if (configuration->max_hz >= spi_clock / 2)
diff --git a/bsp/allwinner/libraries/drivers/drv_wdt.c b/bsp/allwinner/libraries/drivers/drv_wdt.c
index 6a75add773..abd33099db 100644
--- a/bsp/allwinner/libraries/drivers/drv_wdt.c
+++ b/bsp/allwinner/libraries/drivers/drv_wdt.c
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ static rt_err_t wdg_control(rt_watchdog_t *wdt, int cmd, void *arg)
         else
         {
             LOG_E("arg is NULL!");
-            return RT_EIO;
+            return -RT_EIO;
         }
         break;
     case RT_DEVICE_CTRL_WDT_GET_TIMEOUT:
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ static rt_err_t wdg_control(rt_watchdog_t *wdt, int cmd, void *arg)
         else
         {
             LOG_E("arg is NULL!");
-            return RT_EIO;
+            return -RT_EIO;
         }
         break;
     case RT_DEVICE_CTRL_WDT_GET_TIMELEFT:
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ static rt_err_t wdg_control(rt_watchdog_t *wdt, int cmd, void *arg)
         {
             LOG_E("arg is NULL!");
         }
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     case RT_DEVICE_CTRL_WDT_KEEPALIVE:
         hal_watchdog_feed();
         break;
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ static rt_err_t wdg_control(rt_watchdog_t *wdt, int cmd, void *arg)
         hal_watchdog_stop(wdg_timeout);
         break;
     default:
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
     return RT_EOK;
 }
diff --git a/bsp/allwinner_tina/drivers/spi/drv_spi.c b/bsp/allwinner_tina/drivers/spi/drv_spi.c
index cd1f2aa383..9a0b8d6bff 100644
--- a/bsp/allwinner_tina/drivers/spi/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/allwinner_tina/drivers/spi/drv_spi.c
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
     if (configuration->data_width != 8)
     {
         LOG_D("error: data_width is %d", configuration->data_width);
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     LOG_D("%s -> %d", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
diff --git a/bsp/apm32/libraries/Drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/apm32/libraries/Drivers/drv_spi.c
index fde1f7f0a0..c806ff159d 100644
--- a/bsp/apm32/libraries/Drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/apm32/libraries/Drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ static rt_err_t apm32_spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device, struct rt_spi_
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
 #if defined(SOC_SERIES_APM32F0)
diff --git a/bsp/at32/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/at32/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
index a2677f324a..7553cf5b4d 100644
--- a/bsp/at32/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/at32/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device,
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     /* baudrate */
diff --git a/bsp/gd32/arm/libraries/gd32_drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/gd32/arm/libraries/gd32_drivers/drv_spi.c
index d317c8c531..a60dba400d 100644
--- a/bsp/gd32/arm/libraries/gd32_drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/gd32/arm/libraries/gd32_drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ static rt_err_t spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device* device,
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     /* baudrate */
diff --git a/bsp/gd32/risc-v/libraries/gd32_drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/gd32/risc-v/libraries/gd32_drivers/drv_spi.c
index cbd0fd4b28..416ed78045 100644
--- a/bsp/gd32/risc-v/libraries/gd32_drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/gd32/risc-v/libraries/gd32_drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ static rt_err_t spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device* device,
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     /* baudrate */
diff --git a/bsp/gd32105c-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/gd32105c-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
index 3f9e86cb41..7c52c37961 100644
--- a/bsp/gd32105c-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/gd32105c-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device, struct rt_spi_configurat
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     {
diff --git a/bsp/gd32107c-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/gd32107c-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
index 3f9e86cb41..7c52c37961 100644
--- a/bsp/gd32107c-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/gd32107c-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device, struct rt_spi_configurat
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     {
diff --git a/bsp/gd32303e-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/gd32303e-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
index 96f53b5019..34e597bad6 100644
--- a/bsp/gd32303e-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/gd32303e-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device, struct rt_spi_configurat
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     {
diff --git a/bsp/gd32450z-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/gd32450z-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
index acd4f7198f..b6bb69c83b 100644
--- a/bsp/gd32450z-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/gd32450z-eval/drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device,
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     /* baudrate */
diff --git a/bsp/gd32e230k-start/drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/gd32e230k-start/drivers/drv_spi.c
index 8efc2a4664..d57ff081c5 100644
--- a/bsp/gd32e230k-start/drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/gd32e230k-start/drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device, struct rt_spi_configurat
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     {
diff --git a/bsp/hc32/libraries/hc32_drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/hc32/libraries/hc32_drivers/drv_spi.c
index 8abf1ae4d1..d3a84c3c8c 100644
--- a/bsp/hc32/libraries/hc32_drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/hc32/libraries/hc32_drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ static rt_err_t hc32_spi_init(struct hc32_spi *spi_drv, struct rt_spi_configurat
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
     /* Get BUS clock */
     CLK_GetClockFreq(&stcClkFreq);
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ static rt_err_t hc32_spi_init(struct hc32_spi *spi_drv, struct rt_spi_configurat
     rt_hw_spi_board_init(spi_instance);
     if (LL_OK != SPI_Init(spi_instance, &stcSpiInit))
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     /* DMA configuration */
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ static rt_err_t hc32_spi_init(struct hc32_spi *spi_drv, struct rt_spi_configurat
         /* Init Dma */
         if (LL_OK != DMA_Init(spi_dma->Instance, spi_dma->channel, &stcDmaInit))
         {
-            return RT_EIO;
+            return -RT_EIO;
         }
         NVIC_EnableIRQ(spi_dma->irq_config.irq_num);
         /* Enable Dma */
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ static rt_err_t hc32_spi_init(struct hc32_spi *spi_drv, struct rt_spi_configurat
         /* Init Dma */
         if (LL_OK != DMA_Init(spi_dma->Instance, spi_dma->channel, &stcDmaInit))
         {
-            return RT_EIO;
+            return -RT_EIO;
         }
         NVIC_EnableIRQ(spi_dma->irq_config.irq_num);
         /* Enable Dma */
diff --git a/bsp/hk32/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/hk32/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
index 18bc7f91fa..41a693d980 100644
--- a/bsp/hk32/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/hk32/libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     /* baudrate */
diff --git a/bsp/n32/libraries/n32_drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/n32/libraries/n32_drivers/drv_spi.c
index 4f0dc99f64..5728b0d06c 100644
--- a/bsp/n32/libraries/n32_drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/n32/libraries/n32_drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device, struct rt_spi_configurat
 #if defined(SOC_N32G45X) || defined(SOC_N32WB452) || defined(SOC_N32G4FR)
     if (spi_periph != SPI1 && spi_periph != SPI2 && spi_periph != SPI3)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 #elif defined(SOC_N32L43X) || defined(SOC_N32L40X) || defined(SOC_N32G43X)
     if (spi_periph != SPI1 && spi_periph != SPI2)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ static rt_err_t configure(struct rt_spi_device* device, struct rt_spi_configurat
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     {
diff --git a/bsp/n32g452xx/Libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/n32g452xx/Libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
index ae6379de00..6f1d0b2ee5 100644
--- a/bsp/n32g452xx/Libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/n32g452xx/Libraries/rt_drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ static rt_err_t n32_spi_init(struct n32_spi *spi_drv, struct rt_spi_configuratio
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     if (cfg->mode & RT_SPI_CPHA)
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ static rt_err_t spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
     return n32_spi_init(spi_drv, configuration);
 }
 
-static int _spi_recv(SPI_Module *hspi,
+static rt_ssize_t _spi_recv(SPI_Module *hspi,
         uint8_t *tx_buff,
         uint8_t *rx_buff,
         uint32_t length,
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ static int _spi_recv(SPI_Module *hspi,
 
     if ((tx_buff == RT_NULL) && (rx_buff == RT_NULL) || (length == 0))
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     while (length--)
@@ -281,12 +281,12 @@ static int _spi_recv(SPI_Module *hspi,
     return RT_EOK;
 }
 
-static rt_uint32_t spixfer(struct rt_spi_device *device, struct rt_spi_message *message)
+static rt_ssize_t spixfer(struct rt_spi_device *device, struct rt_spi_message *message)
 {
     rt_size_t send_length;
     rt_uint8_t *recv_buf;
     const rt_uint8_t *send_buf;
-    rt_err_t stat = RT_EOK;
+    rt_ssize_t stat = RT_EOK;
 
     /* Check Direction parameter */
     RT_ASSERT(device != RT_NULL);
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ static rt_uint32_t spixfer(struct rt_spi_device *device, struct rt_spi_message *
     if (message->send_buf && message->recv_buf)
     {
         LOG_D("%s:%d", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
-        stat = RT_EIO;
+        stat = -RT_EIO;
     }
     else if (message->send_buf)
     {
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
index 1e08f396db..e8726de726 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_qspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_qspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_spi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
index 6e5e38b20b..bc8e1cdcca 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_spi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_spi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
index a402013754..a8f726568e 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m031/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_uspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = USPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_uspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
index bf023aefa6..465be2fe52 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_qspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_qspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_spi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
index 2353effc5d..0e2d1fcd00 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_spi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_spi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
index abee7c2a77..b1ae752a3f 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
@@ -156,14 +156,14 @@ static rt_err_t nu_reset_port(rt_uint8_t port)
     if (port > NU_MAX_USBH_PORT)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: port index over NU_MAX_USBH_PORT\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortCtrl = &s_sUSBHDev.asPortCtrl[port - 1];
     if (psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev == NULL)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: udev not found\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     usbh_reset_port(psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev);
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_close_pipe(upipe_t pipe)
     psPortCtrl = GetRHPortControlFromPipe(pipe);
     if (psPortCtrl == RT_NULL)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortDev = GetPortDevFromPipe(pipe);
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
index 4b86edae22..0d0e57daf6 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m2354/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_uspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = USPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_uspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
index 4843a3a6a0..700a143251 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_qspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_qspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_spi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
index 940578dd34..1d05afe9e9 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_spi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_spi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
index 68c2116882..32793f93e2 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
@@ -158,14 +158,14 @@ static rt_err_t nu_reset_port(rt_uint8_t port)
     if (port > NU_MAX_USBH_PORT)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: port index over NU_MAX_USBH_PORT\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortCtrl = &s_sUSBHDev.asPortCtrl[port - 1];
     if (psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev == NULL)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: udev not found\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     usbh_reset_port(psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev);
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_close_pipe(upipe_t pipe)
     psPortCtrl = GetRHPortControlFromPipe(pipe);
     if (psPortCtrl == RT_NULL)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortDev = GetPortDevFromPipe(pipe);
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
index 36eaffeead..213c839902 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m460/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_uspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = USPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_uspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
index b22aeefd20..fe7624b6f4 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_qspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_qspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_spi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
index 246559393b..ce29d62347 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_spi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_spi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
index cf910fcc7e..38c79f46e3 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
@@ -158,14 +158,14 @@ static rt_err_t nu_reset_port(rt_uint8_t port)
     if (port > NU_MAX_USBH_PORT)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: port index over NU_MAX_USBH_PORT\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortCtrl = &s_sUSBHDev.asPortCtrl[port - 1];
     if (psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev == NULL)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: udev not found\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     usbh_reset_port(psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev);
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_close_pipe(upipe_t pipe)
     psPortCtrl = GetRHPortControlFromPipe(pipe);
     if (psPortCtrl == RT_NULL)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortDev = GetPortDevFromPipe(pipe);
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
index 21e133b3e4..f724a0ec20 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/m480/rtt_port/drv_uspi.c
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_uspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = USPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_uspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
index 0ae777a6c0..96cc4de799 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_qspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_qspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_spi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
index 92482cc657..d4ff0621f9 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_spi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_spi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
index cc0642c9c8..eecff72f7e 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/ma35/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
@@ -162,14 +162,14 @@ static rt_err_t nu_reset_port(rt_uint8_t port)
     if (port > NU_MAX_USBH_PORT)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: port index over NU_MAX_USBH_PORT\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortCtrl = &s_sUSBHDev.asPortCtrl[port - 1];
     if (psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev == NULL)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: udev not found\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     usbh_reset_port(psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev);
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_close_pipe(upipe_t pipe)
     psPortCtrl = GetRHPortControlFromPipe(pipe);
     if (psPortCtrl == RT_NULL)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortDev = GetPortDevFromPipe(pipe);
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/n9h30/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/n9h30/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
index 67bfa8b0f9..9112677834 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/n9h30/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/n9h30/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_qspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_qspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/n9h30/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/n9h30/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
index bb29de3ea0..cb0e83fb73 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/n9h30/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/n9h30/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@ static rt_err_t nu_reset_port(rt_uint8_t port)
     if (port > NU_MAX_USBH_PORT)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: port index over NU_MAX_USBH_PORT\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortCtrl = &s_sUSBHDev.asPortCtrl[port - 1];
     if (psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev == NULL)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: udev not found\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     usbh_reset_port(psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev);
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_close_pipe(upipe_t pipe)
     psPortCtrl = GetRHPortControlFromPipe(pipe);
     if (psPortCtrl == RT_NULL)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortDev = GetPortDevFromPipe(pipe);
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nu_packages/SPINAND/spinand.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nu_packages/SPINAND/spinand.c
index c761fcbf4d..d9f4628299 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nu_packages/SPINAND/spinand.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nu_packages/SPINAND/spinand.c
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ static rt_err_t spinand_status_register_write(struct rt_qspi_device *qspi, uint8
 
     if (spinand_isbusy(qspi))
     {
-        result = RT_EIO;
+        result = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_spinand_status_register_write;
     }
 
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ static rt_err_t spinand_reset(struct rt_qspi_device *qspi)
 
     if (spinand_isbusy(qspi))
     {
-        result = RT_EIO;
+        result = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_spinand_reset;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
index 64b5dc874c..39108bbb72 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_qspi.c
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_qspi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_qspi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_spi.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
index 6f4dd0e2fb..7c1db7cf85 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_spi.c
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_spi_bus_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
         u32SPIMode = SPI_MODE_3;
         break;
     default:
-        ret = RT_EIO;
+        ret = -RT_EIO;
         goto exit_nu_spi_bus_configure;
     }
 
diff --git a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
index bb29de3ea0..cb0e83fb73 100644
--- a/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
+++ b/bsp/nuvoton/libraries/nuc980/rtt_port/drv_usbhost.c
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@ static rt_err_t nu_reset_port(rt_uint8_t port)
     if (port > NU_MAX_USBH_PORT)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: port index over NU_MAX_USBH_PORT\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortCtrl = &s_sUSBHDev.asPortCtrl[port - 1];
     if (psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev == NULL)
     {
         RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_USB, ("%s ERROR: udev not found\n", __func__));
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     usbh_reset_port(psPortCtrl->sRHPortDev.pUDev);
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ static rt_err_t nu_close_pipe(upipe_t pipe)
     psPortCtrl = GetRHPortControlFromPipe(pipe);
     if (psPortCtrl == RT_NULL)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     psPortDev = GetPortDevFromPipe(pipe);
diff --git a/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi3-32/driver/drv_wdt.c b/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi3-32/driver/drv_wdt.c
index b748a7b472..0c4885871c 100644
--- a/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi3-32/driver/drv_wdt.c
+++ b/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi3-32/driver/drv_wdt.c
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ static rt_err_t raspi_wdg_control(rt_watchdog_t *wdt, int cmd, void *arg)
         raspi_watchdog_stop();
         break;
     default:
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
     return RT_EOK;
 }
diff --git a/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi3-64/driver/drv_wdt.c b/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi3-64/driver/drv_wdt.c
index f90a251ad0..ccf8ca6cff 100644
--- a/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi3-64/driver/drv_wdt.c
+++ b/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi3-64/driver/drv_wdt.c
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ static rt_err_t raspi_wdg_control(rt_watchdog_t *wdt, int cmd, void *arg)
         raspi_watchdog_stop();
         break;
     default:
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
     return RT_EOK;
 }
diff --git a/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi4-32/driver/drv_wdt.c b/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi4-32/driver/drv_wdt.c
index a9b2e8fc0c..1cb3a25b17 100644
--- a/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi4-32/driver/drv_wdt.c
+++ b/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi4-32/driver/drv_wdt.c
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ static rt_err_t raspi_wdg_control(rt_watchdog_t *wdt, int cmd, void *arg)
         raspi_watchdog_stop();
         break;
     default:
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
     return RT_EOK;
 }
diff --git a/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi4-64/driver/drv_wdt.c b/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi4-64/driver/drv_wdt.c
index ac7d1addb8..13ef095b03 100644
--- a/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi4-64/driver/drv_wdt.c
+++ b/bsp/raspberry-pi/raspi4-64/driver/drv_wdt.c
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ static rt_err_t raspi_wdg_control(rt_watchdog_t *wdt, int cmd, void *arg)
         raspi_watchdog_stop();
         break;
     default:
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     return RT_EOK;
diff --git a/bsp/rv32m1_vega/ri5cy/driver/drv_gpio.c b/bsp/rv32m1_vega/ri5cy/driver/drv_gpio.c
index afc152a96b..ab0822382a 100644
--- a/bsp/rv32m1_vega/ri5cy/driver/drv_gpio.c
+++ b/bsp/rv32m1_vega/ri5cy/driver/drv_gpio.c
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ static rt_err_t vega_pin_irq_enable(struct rt_device *device, rt_base_t pin, rt_
 
         if(irq_map->irq_info.pin != pin)
         {
-            return RT_EIO; 
+            return -RT_EIO;
         }
 
         irq_map->enable = PIN_IRQ_ENABLE; 
diff --git a/bsp/stm32/libraries/HAL_Drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/stm32/libraries/HAL_Drivers/drv_spi.c
index f3d5d53401..12afd5624f 100644
--- a/bsp/stm32/libraries/HAL_Drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/stm32/libraries/HAL_Drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ static rt_err_t stm32_spi_init(struct stm32_spi *spi_drv, struct rt_spi_configur
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     if (cfg->mode & RT_SPI_CPHA)
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ static rt_err_t stm32_spi_init(struct stm32_spi *spi_drv, struct rt_spi_configur
 
     if (HAL_SPI_Init(spi_handle) != HAL_OK)
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
 #if defined(SOC_SERIES_STM32L4) || defined(SOC_SERIES_STM32F0) \
diff --git a/bsp/stm32/stm32mp157a-st-ev1/board/ports/drv_nand.c b/bsp/stm32/stm32mp157a-st-ev1/board/ports/drv_nand.c
index 40d22e505e..ee968b8f9a 100644
--- a/bsp/stm32/stm32mp157a-st-ev1/board/ports/drv_nand.c
+++ b/bsp/stm32/stm32mp157a-st-ev1/board/ports/drv_nand.c
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ static rt_err_t _read_id(struct rt_mtd_nand_device *device)
     return RT_EOK;
 }
 
-static rt_uint8_t rt_hw_nand_ecc_check(rt_uint32_t generatedEcc, rt_uint32_t readEcc, rt_uint8_t* data)
+static rt_err_t rt_hw_nand_ecc_check(rt_uint32_t generatedEcc, rt_uint32_t readEcc, rt_uint8_t* data)
 {
 #define ECC_MASK28    0x0FFFFFFF          /* 28 valid ECC parity bits. */
 #define ECC_MASK      0x05555555          /* 14 ECC parity bits.       */
@@ -235,9 +235,9 @@ static rt_uint8_t rt_hw_nand_ecc_check(rt_uint32_t generatedEcc, rt_uint32_t rea
     }
 
     if (count == 1)           /* Error in the ECC itself. */
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
 
-    return RT_EIO;       /* Unable to correct data. */
+    return -RT_EIO;       /* Unable to correct data. */
 
 #undef ECC_MASK
 #undef ECC_MASK24
diff --git a/bsp/synwit/swm320/drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/synwit/swm320/drivers/drv_spi.c
index b806991af7..64eec472af 100644
--- a/bsp/synwit/swm320/drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/synwit/swm320/drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ static rt_err_t swm_spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     if (configure->mode & RT_SPI_CPHA)
diff --git a/bsp/synwit/swm341/drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/synwit/swm341/drivers/drv_spi.c
index 205d015a0d..5cff92936e 100644
--- a/bsp/synwit/swm341/drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/synwit/swm341/drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ static rt_err_t swm_spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device,
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     if (configure->mode & RT_SPI_CPHA)
diff --git a/bsp/w60x/drivers/drv_wdt.c b/bsp/w60x/drivers/drv_wdt.c
index ded572007a..ab92c82cca 100644
--- a/bsp/w60x/drivers/drv_wdt.c
+++ b/bsp/w60x/drivers/drv_wdt.c
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ static rt_err_t wm_wdg_control(rt_watchdog_t *wdt, int cmd, void *arg)
         tls_watchdog_stop();
         break;
     default:
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
     return RT_EOK;
 }
diff --git a/bsp/wch/arm/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi_ch32f10x.c b/bsp/wch/arm/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi_ch32f10x.c
index db3ec7dec2..537676591a 100644
--- a/bsp/wch/arm/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi_ch32f10x.c
+++ b/bsp/wch/arm/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi_ch32f10x.c
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ static rt_err_t ch32f1_spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device, struct rt_spi
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     if (configuration->max_hz >= spi_clock / 2)
diff --git a/bsp/wch/arm/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi_ch32f20x.c b/bsp/wch/arm/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi_ch32f20x.c
index 4d712065b6..5db7b82a65 100644
--- a/bsp/wch/arm/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi_ch32f20x.c
+++ b/bsp/wch/arm/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi_ch32f20x.c
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ static rt_err_t ch32f2_spi_configure(struct rt_spi_device *device, struct rt_spi
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     if (configuration->max_hz >= spi_clock / 2)
diff --git a/bsp/wch/risc-v/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi.c b/bsp/wch/risc-v/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi.c
index 89d11a0878..22a078b8f5 100644
--- a/bsp/wch/risc-v/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi.c
+++ b/bsp/wch/risc-v/Libraries/ch32_drivers/drv_spi.c
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ static rt_err_t ch32_spi_init(struct ch32_spi *spi_drv, struct rt_spi_configurat
     }
     else
     {
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     if (cfg->mode & RT_SPI_CPHA)
diff --git a/components/drivers/spi/enc28j60.c b/components/drivers/spi/enc28j60.c
index f3c3ecb30b..990e9f8acf 100644
--- a/components/drivers/spi/enc28j60.c
+++ b/components/drivers/spi/enc28j60.c
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ rt_err_t enc28j60_attach(const char *spi_device_name)
             NET_DEBUG("phy_rev:%02X\r\n", enc28j60_dev.phy_rev);
             NET_DEBUG("phy_pn:%02X\r\n", enc28j60_dev.phy_pn);
             NET_DEBUG("phy_id:%08X\r\n", enc28j60_dev.phy_id);
-            return RT_EIO;
+            return -RT_EIO;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/components/drivers/spi/spi_msd.c b/components/drivers/spi/spi_msd.c
index dce2a7c8b0..cad7207cd9 100644
--- a/components/drivers/spi/spi_msd.c
+++ b/components/drivers/spi/spi_msd.c
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ static rt_err_t rt_msd_init(rt_device_t dev)
     if (msd->spi_device == RT_NULL)
     {
         MSD_DEBUG("[err] the SPI SD device has no SPI!\r\n");
-        return RT_EIO;
+        return -RT_EIO;
     }
 
     /* config spi */