While working on the strstr patch I noticed several copyright headers
of the new math functions are missing closing quotes after ``AS IS.
I've added these. Also update spellings of Arm Ltd in a few places
(but still use ARM LTD in upper case portion). Finally add SPDX
identifiers to make everything consistent.
The roundtoint and converttoint internal functions are only called with small
values, so 32 bit result is enough for converttoint and it is a signed int
conversion so the natural return type is int32_t.
The original idea was to help the compiler keeping the result in uint64_t,
then it's clear that no sign extension is needed and there is no accidental
undefined or implementation defined signed int arithmetics.
But it turns out gcc does a good job with inlining so changing the type has
no overhead and the semantics of the conversion is less surprising this way.
Since we want to allow the asuint64 (x + 0x1.8p52) style conversion, the top
bits were never usable and the existing code ensures that only the bottom
32 bits of the conversion result are used.
In newlib with default settings only aarch64 is affected and there is no
significant code generation change with gcc after the patch.
Synchronize code style and comments with Arm Optimized Routines, there
are no code changes in this patch. This ensures different projects using
the same code have consistent code style so bug fix patches can be applied
more easily.
The new implementation is provided under !__OBSOLETE_MATH, it uses
ISO C99 code. With default settings the worst case error in nearest
rounding mode is 0.54 ULP with inlined fma and fma contraction. It uses
a 4 KB lookup table in addition to the table in exp_data.c, on aarch64
.text+.rodata size of libm.a is increased by 2295 bytes.
Improvements on Cortex-A72:
latency: 3.3x
thruput: 4.9x
The new implementation is provided under !__OBSOLETE_MATH, it uses
ISO C99 code. With default settings the worst case error in nearest
rounding mode is 0.547 ULP with inlined fma and fma contraction. It uses
a 1 KB lookup table, on aarch64 .text+.rodata size of libm.a is increased
by 1584 bytes.
Note that the math.h header defines log2(x) to be log(x)/Ln2, this is
not changed, so the new code is only used if that macro is suppressed.
Improvements on Cortex-A72:
latency: 2.0x
thruput: 2.2x
The new implementations are provided under !__OBSOLETE_MATH, it uses
ISO C99 code. With default settings the worst case error in nearest
rounding mode is 0.519 ULP with inlined fma and fma contraction. It uses
a 2 KB lookup table, on aarch64 .text+.rodata size of libm.a is increased
by 1703 bytes. The w_log.c wrapper is disabled since error handling is
inline in the new code.
New __HAVE_FAST_FMA and __HAVE_FAST_FMA_DEFAULT feature macros were
added to enable selecting between the code path that uses fma and the
one that does not. Targets supposed to set __HAVE_FAST_FMA_DEFAULT
if they have single instruction fma and the compiler can actually
inline it (gcc has __FP_FAST_FMA macro but that does not guarantee
inlining with -fno-builtin-fma).
Improvements on Cortex-A72:
latency: 1.9x
thruput: 2.3x
The new implementations are provided under !__OBSOLETE_MATH, they use
ISO C99 code. There are several settings, with the default one the
worst case error in nearest rounding mode is 0.509 ULP for exp and
0.507 ULP for exp2 when a multiply and add is contracted into an fma.
They use a shared 2 KB lookup table, on aarch64 .text+.rodata size
of libm.a is increased by 1868 bytes. The w_*.c wrappers are disabled
for the new code as it takes care of error handling inline.
The old exp2(x) code used to be just pow(2,x) so the speedup there
is more significant.
The file name has no special prefix to avoid any name collision with
existing files.
Improvements on Cortex-A72:
exp latency: 3.2x
exp thruput: 4.1x
exp2 latency: 7.8x
exp2 thruput: 18.8x
This change is equivalent to the commit
c65db17340
and only affects code that is from the Arm optimized-routines project.
It does not affect the observable behaviour, but the code generation
can be different on 64bit targets. The intention is to make the
portable semantics of the code obvious by using a fixed size type.
Here is the correct patch with both filenames and int cast fixed:
This patch is a complete rewrite of sinf, cosf and sincosf. The new version
is significantly faster, as well as simple and accurate.
The worst-case ULP is 0.56072, maximum relative error is 0.5303p-23 over all
4 billion inputs. In non-nearest rounding modes the error is 1ULP.
The algorithm uses 3 main cases: small inputs which don't need argument
reduction, small inputs which need a simple range reduction and large inputs
requiring complex range reduction. The code uses approximate integer
comparisons to quickly decide between these cases - on some targets this may
be slow, so this can be configured to use floating point comparisons.
The small range reducer uses a single reduction step to handle values up to
120.0. It is fastest on targets which support inlined round instructions.
The large range reducer uses integer arithmetic for simplicity. It does a
32x96 bit multiply to compute a 64-bit modulo result. This is more than
accurate enough to handle the worst-case cancellation for values close to
an integer multiple of PI/4. It could be further optimized, however it is
already much faster than necessary.
Simple benchmark showing speedup factor on AArch64 for various ranges:
range 0.7853982 sinf 1.7 cosf 2.2 sincosf 2.8
range 1.570796 sinf 1.9 cosf 1.9 sincosf 2.7
range 3.141593 sinf 2.0 cosf 2.0 sincosf 3.5
range 6.283185 sinf 2.3 cosf 2.3 sincosf 4.2
range 125.6637 sinf 2.9 cosf 3.0 sincosf 5.1
range 1.1259e15 sinf 26.8 cosf 26.8 sincosf 45.2
ChangeLog:
2018-05-18 Wilco Dijkstra <wdijkstr@arm.com>
* newlib/libm/common/Makefile.in: Regenerated.
* newlib/libm/common/Makefile.am: Add sinf.c, cosf.c, sincosf.c
sincosf.h, sincosf_data.c. Add -fbuiltin -fno-math-errno to CFLAGS.
* newlib/libm/common/math_config.h: Add HAVE_FAST_ROUND, HAVE_FAST_LROUND,
roundtoint, converttoint, force_eval_float, force_eval_double, eval_as_float,
eval_as_double, likely, unlikely.
* newlib/libm/common/cosf.c: New file.
* newlib/libm/common/sinf.c: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/common/sincosf.h: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/common/sincosf.c: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/common/sincosf_data.c: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/math/sf_cos.c: Add #if to build conditionally.
* newlib/libm/math/sf_sin.c: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/math/wf_sincos.c: Likewise.
--
This patch is a complete rewrite of sinf, cosf and sincosf. The new version
is significantly faster, as well as simple and accurate.
The worst-case ULP is 0.56072, maximum relative error is 0.5303p-23 over all
4 billion inputs. In non-nearest rounding modes the error is 1ULP.
The algorithm uses 3 main cases: small inputs which don't need argument
reduction, small inputs which need a simple range reduction and large inputs
requiring complex range reduction. The code uses approximate integer
comparisons to quickly decide between these cases - on some targets this may
be slow, so this can be configured to use floating point comparisons.
The small range reducer uses a single reduction step to handle values up to
120.0. It is fastest on targets which support inlined round instructions.
The large range reducer uses integer arithmetic for simplicity. It does a
32x96 bit multiply to compute a 64-bit modulo result. This is more than
accurate enough to handle the worst-case cancellation for values close to
an integer multiple of PI/4. It could be further optimized, however it is
already much faster than necessary.
Simple benchmark showing speedup factor on AArch64 for various ranges:
range 0.7853982 sinf 1.7 cosf 2.2 sincosf 2.8
range 1.570796 sinf 1.9 cosf 1.9 sincosf 2.7
range 3.141593 sinf 2.0 cosf 2.0 sincosf 3.5
range 6.283185 sinf 2.3 cosf 2.3 sincosf 4.2
range 125.6637 sinf 2.9 cosf 3.0 sincosf 5.1
range 1.1259e15 sinf 26.8 cosf 26.8 sincosf 45.2
ChangeLog:
2018-06-18 Wilco Dijkstra <wdijkstr@arm.com>
* newlib/libm/common/Makefile.in: Regenerated.
* newlib/libm/common/Makefile.am: Add sinf.c, cosf.c, sincosf.c
sincosf.h, sincosf_data.c. Add -fbuiltin -fno-math-errno to CFLAGS.
* newlib/libm/common/math_config.h: Add HAVE_FAST_ROUND, HAVE_FAST_LROUND,
roundtoint, converttoint, force_eval_float, force_eval_double, eval_as_float,
eval_as_double, likely, unlikely.
* newlib/libm/common/cosf.c: New file.
* newlib/libm/common/sinf.c: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/common/sincosf.h: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/common/sincosf.c: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/common/sincosf_data.c: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/math/sf_cos.c: Add #if to build conditionally.
* newlib/libm/math/sf_sin.c: Likewise.
* newlib/libm/math/wf_sincos.c: Likewise.
--
Based on code from https://github.com/ARM-software/optimized-routines/
This patch adds a highly optimized generic implementation of expf,
exp2f, logf, log2f and powf. The new functions are not only
faster (6x for powf!), but are also smaller and more accurate.
In order to achieve this, the algorithm uses double precision
arithmetic for accuracy, avoids divisions and uses small table
lookups to minimize the polynomials. Special cases are handled
inline to avoid the unnecessary overhead of wrapper functions and
set errno to POSIX requirements.
The new functions are added under newlib/libm/common, but the old
implementations are kept (in newlib/libm/math) for non-IEEE or
pre-C99 systems. Targets can enable the new math code by defining
__OBSOLETE_MATH_DEFAULT to 0 in newlib/libc/include/machine/ieeefp.h,
users can override the default by defining __OBSOLETE_MATH.
Currently the new code is enabled for AArch64 and AArch32 with VFP.
Targets with a single precision FPU may still prefer the old
implementation.
libm.a size changes:
arm: -1692
arm/thumb/v7-a/nofp: -878
arm/thumb/v7-a+fp/hard: -864
arm/thumb/v7-a+fp/softfp: -908
aarch64: -1476
Wilco Dijkstra
Jon Beniston
Corinna Vinschen
Szabolcs Nagy