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Remove references to and files from old texinfo FAQ.

This commit is contained in:
Joshua Daniel Franklin 2006-01-19 02:44:17 +00:00
parent 79e60dfa66
commit 96f5988e31
17 changed files with 19 additions and 3893 deletions
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19
winsup/doc/ChangeLog
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@ -1,3 +1,22 @@
2006-01-18 Joshua Daniel Franklin <joshuadfranklin@yahoo.com>
* Makefile.in : Remove references to old texinfo FAQ.
* calls.texinfo : Remove.
* changes.texinfo : Remove.
* copy.texinfo : Remove.
* faq.texinfo : Remove.
* history.texinfo : Remove.
* how-api.texinfo : Remove.
* how-programming.texinfo : Remove.
* how-resources.texinfo : Remove.
* how-using.texinfo : Remove.
* how.texinfo : Remove.
* install.texinfo : Remove.
* readme.texinfo : Remove.
* relnotes.texinfo : Remove.
* what.texinfo : Remove.
* who.texinfo : Remove.
2006-01-12 Igor Peshansky <pechtcha@cs.nyu.edu>
* doctool.c (scan_directory): Ignore "CVS" directories.

54
winsup/doc/Makefile.in
View File

@ -13,20 +13,10 @@ VPATH = @srcdir@
SGMLDIRS = -d $(srcdir) -d $(utils_source) -d $(cygwin_source)
# These *.info targets don't actually work, so remove them for now.
# Put them back when we figure out what to do with them. (davisb)
#DOC=faq.txt faq.info readme.txt readme.info
DOC=faq.txt readme.txt
HTMLDOC=faq0.html faq.html readme.html
CC:=@CC@
CC_FOR_TARGET:=@CC@
exeext:=@build_exeext@
MAKEINFO:=makeinfo
TEXI2DVI:=texi2dvi
TEXI2HTML:=texi2html
include $(srcdir)/../Makefile.common
TOCLEAN:=faq.txt ./*.html readme.txt doctool.o doctool.exe *.junk \
@ -77,50 +67,6 @@ faq/faq-nochunks.html :
./doctool : doctool.c
gcc -g $< -o $@
%.dvi: %.sgml
-db2dvi $<
%.rtf: %.sgml
-db2rtf $<
%.ps: %.sgml
-db2ps $<
%.pdf: %.ps
-ps2pdf $< $@
%.info: %.texinfo
-$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir) $<
%.txt: %.texinfo
-$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir) $<
%.html: %.texinfo
-$(TEXI2HTML) -I $(srcdir) $<
readme.txt: $(srcdir)/readme.texinfo $(srcdir)/*.texinfo
-$(MAKEINFO) -I$(srcdir) --no-split --no-headers $< -o - |\
sed '/^Concept Index/,$$d' > $@
#faq0.html: $(srcdir)/faq.texinfo $(srcdir)/*.texinfo
# -rm -f faq_toc.html; \
# for i in $(srcdir)/*.texinfo ; do \
# sed < $$i -e 's?@file{\([fth]*p://[^}]*\)}?@strong{<A HREF="\1">\1</A>}?' \
# -e 's?\([.+a-zA-Z0-9-]*@@[.a-zA-Z0-9-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]\)?<A HREF="mailto:\1">\1</A>?' >./`basename $$i` ; done; \
# $(TEXI2HTML) -monolithic ./faq.texinfo; \
# rm -f *.texinfo; \
# sed -e 's;"faq.html;"faq0.html;g' faq.html > faq0.html; \
# rm -f faq.html; exit 0
#
#faq.html: $(srcdir)/faq.texinfo $(srcdir)/*.texinfo
# -rm -f faq_toc.html; \
# for i in $(srcdir)/*.texinfo ; do \
# sed < $$i -e 's?@file{\([fth]*p://[^}]*\)}?@strong{<A HREF="\1">\1</A>}?' \
# -e 's?\([.+a-zA-Z0-9-]*@@[.a-zA-Z0-9-]*[a-zA-Z0-9]\)?<A HREF="mailto:\1">\1</A>?' >./`basename $$i` ; done; \
# $(TEXI2HTML) -split_chapter ./faq.texinfo; \
# rm -f *.texinfo; \
# [ -r faq_toc.html ] && mv faq_toc.html faq.html; exit 0
TBFILES = cygwin-ug-net.dvi cygwin-ug-net.rtf cygwin-ug-net.ps \
cygwin-ug-net.pdf cygwin-ug-net.sgml \
cygwin-api.dvi cygwin-api.rtf cygwin-api.ps \

709
winsup/doc/calls.texinfo
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@ -1,709 +0,0 @@
@chapter What Unix API calls are supported by Cygwin?
This is the beginning of documentation listing the calls supported
by the Cygwin library.
All POSIX.1/1996 and ANSI C calls are listed in this file. Note that
while almost all POSIX.1/1990 calls are included in Cygwin, most
POSIX.1/1996 calls are not (yet at least!). Additional Unix
compatibility calls and extended libc/libm calls are provided by
Cygwin but may or may not be listed yet.
To see if a function is implemented but not listed here, check for the
presence of the call in the file winsup/cygwin.din in the sources. In
addition, you may want to read the source code corresponding to the call
to verify that it is not a stub. Finally, libc/libm functions
(including extended calls not listed here) may be documented in the
newlib texinfo documentation.
Calls are implemented on both Windows 95 and NT unless otherwise
noted. Included are references to relevant standards, if any.
Calls starting with "cygwin_" are Cygwin-specific calls.
@section ANSI C Library Functions
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
@itemize @code
@item libc stdio (newlib/libc/stdio)
@itemize @code
@item clearerr: C 4.9.10.1
@item fclose: C 4.9.5.1, P 8.2.3.2
@item feof: C 4.9.10.2
@item ferror: C 4.9.10.3
@item fflush: C 4.9.5.2, P 8.2.3.4
@item fgetc: C 4.9.7.1, P 8.2.3.5
@item fgetpos: C 4.9.9.1
@item fgets: C 4.9.7.2, P 8.2.3.5
@item fopen: C 4.9.5.3, P 8.2.3.1
@item fprintf: C 4.9.7.3, P 8.2.3.6
@item fputc: C 4.9.7.3, P 8.2.3.6
@item fputs: C 4.9.7.4, P 8.2.3.6
@item fread: C 4.9.8.1, P 8.2.3.5
@item freopen: C 4.9.5.4, P 8.2.3.3
@item fscanf: C 4.9.6.2, P 8.2.3.7
@item fseek: C 4.9.9.2, P 8.2.3.7
@item fsetpos: C 4.9.9.3
@item ftell: C 4.9.9.4, P 8.2.3.10
@item fwrite: C 4.9.8.2, P 8.2.3.6
@item getc: C 4.9.7.5, P 8.2.3.5
@item getchar: C 4.9.7.6, P 8.2.3.5
@item gets: C 4.9.7.7, P 8.2.3.5
@item perror: C 4.9.10.4, P 8.2.3.8
@item printf: C 4.9.6.3, P 8.2.3.6
@item putc: C 4.9.7.8, P 8.2.3.6
@item putchar: C 4.9.7.9, P 8.2.3.6
@item puts: C 4.9.7.10, P 8.2.3.6
@item remove: C 4.9.4.1, P 8.2.4
@item rename: C 4.9.4.2, P 5.5.3.1
@item rewind: C 4.9.9.5, P 8.2.3.7
@item scanf: C 4.9.6.4, P 8.2.3.5
@item setbuf: C 4.9.5.5
@item setvbuf: C 4.9.5.6
@item sprintf: C 4.9.6.5
@item sscanf: C 4.9.6.6
@item tmpfile: C 4.9.4.3, P 8.2.3.9
@item tmpnam: C 4.9.4.4, P 8.2.5
@item vfprintf: C 4.9.6.7
@item ungetc: C 4.9.7.11
@item vprintf: C 4.9.6.8
@item vsprintf: C 4.9.6.9
@end itemize
@item libc string (newlib/libc/string)
@itemize @code
@item memchr: C 4.11.5.1
@item memcmp: C 4.11.4.1
@item memcpy: C 4.11.2.1
@item memmove: C 4.11.2.2
@item memset: C 4.11.6.1
@item strcat: C 4.11.3.1
@item strchr: C 4.11.5.2
@item strcmp: C 4.11.4.2
@item strcoll: C 4.11.4.3
@item strcpy: C 4.11.2.3
@item strcspn: C 4.11.5.3
@item strerror: C 4.11.6.2
@item strlen: C 4.11.6.3
@item strncat: C 4.11.3.2
@item strncmp: C 4.11.3.2
@item strncpy: C 4.11.2.4
@item strpbrk: C 4.11.5.4
@item strrchr: C 4.11.5.5
@item strspn: C 4.11.5.6
@item strstr: C 4.11.5.7
@item strtok: C 4.11.5.8
@item strxfrm: C 4.11.4.5
@end itemize
@item libc stdlib (newlib/libc/stdlib, environ.cc, newlib/libc/include/machine/setjmp.h newlib/libc/include/assert.h)
@itemize @code
@item abort: C 4.10.4.1, P 8.2.3.12
@item abs: C 4.10.6.1
@item assert: C 4.2.1.1
@item atexit: C 4.10.4.2
@item atof: C 4.10.1.1
@item atoi: C 4.10.1.2
@item atol: C 4.10.1.3
@item bsearch: C 4.10.5.1
@item calloc: C 4.10.3.1
@item div: C 4.10.6.2
@item exit: C 4.10.4.3, P 8.2.3.12
@item free: C 4.10.3.2
@item getenv: C 4.10.4.4, P 4.6.1.1
@item labs: C 4.10.6.3
@item ldiv: C 4.10.6.2
@item longjmp: C 4.6.2.1
@item malloc: C 4.10.3.3
@item mblen: C 4.10.7.1
@item mbstowcs: C 4.10.8.1
@item mbtowc: C 4.10.7.2
@item qsort: 4.10.5.2
@item rand: C 4.10.2.1
@item realloc: C 4.10.3.4
@item setjmp: C 4.6.1.1
@item srand: C 4.10.2.2
@item strtod: C 4.10.1.4
@item strtol: C 4.10.1.5
@item strtoul: C 4.10.1.6
@item system: C 4.10.4.5
@item wcstombs: C 4.10.8.2
@item wctomb: C 4.10.7.3
@end itemize
@item libc time (times.cc, newlib/libc/time)
@itemize @code
@item asctime: C 4.12.3.1
@item gmtime: C 4.12.3.3
@item localtime: C 4.12.3.4, P 8.1.1
@item time: C 4.12.2.4, P 4.5.1.1
@item clock: C 4.12.2.1
@item ctime: C 4.12.3.2
@item difftime: C 4.12.2.2
@item mktime: C 4.12.2.3, P 8.1.1
@item strftime: C 4.11.6.2
@end itemize
@item libc signals (signal.cc, newlib/libc/signal)
@itemize @code
@item raise: C 4.7.2.1
@item signal: C 4.7.1.1
@end itemize
@item libc ctype (newlib/libc/ctype)
@itemize @code
@item isalnum: C 4.3.1.1
@item isalpha: C 4.3.1.2
@item iscntrl: C 4.3.1.3
@item isdigit: C 4.3.1.4
@item isgraph: C 4.3.1.5
@item islower: C 4.3.1.6
@item isprint: C 4.3.1.7
@item ispunct: C 4.3.1.8
@item isspace: C 4.3.1.9
@item isupper: C 4.3.1.10
@item isxdigit: C 4.3.1.11
@item tolower: C 4.3.2.1
@item toupper: C 4.3.2.2
@end itemize
@item libm math (newlib/libm/math)
@itemize @code
@item acos: C 4.5.2.1
@item asin: C 4.5.2.2
@item atan: C 4.5.2.3
@item atan2: C 4.5.2.4
@item ceil: C 4.5.6.1
@item cos: C 4.5.2.5
@item cosh: C 4.5.3.2
@item exp: C 4.5.4.1
@item fabs: C 4.5.6.2
@item floor: C 4.5.6.3
@item fmod: C 4.5.6.4
@item frexp: C 4.5.4.2
@item ldexp: C 4.5.4.3
@item log: C 4.5.4.4
@item log10: C 4.5.4.5
@item modf: C 4.5.4.6
@item pow: C 4.5.5.1
@item sin: C 4.5.2.6
@item sinh: C 4.5.3.2
@item sqrt: C 4.5.5.2
@item tan: C 4.5.2.7
@item tanh: C 4.5.3.3
@end itemize
@item libc misc (newlib/libc/locale, gcc/ginclude/stdarg.h)
@itemize @code
@item localeconv: C 4.4.2.1
@item setlocale: C 4.4.1.1, P 8.1.2.1
@item va_arg: C 4.8.1.2
@item va_end: C 4.8.1.3
@item va_start: C 4.8.1.1
@end itemize
@section POSIX.1/96 Functions
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
@item Process Primitives (Section 3)
@itemize @code
@item fork: P 3.1.1.1
@item execl: P 3.1.2.1
@item execle: P 3.1.2.1
@item execlp: P 3.1.2.1
@item execv: P 3.1.2.1
@item execve: P 3.1.2.1
@item execvp: P 3.1.2.1
@item pthread_atfork: P96 3.1.3.1 -- unimplemented
@item wait: P 3.2.1.1
@item waitpid: P 3.2.1.1
@item _exit: P 3.2.2.1
@item kill: P 3.3.2.1
@item sigemptyset: P 3.3.3.1
@item sigfillset: P 3.3.3.1
@item sigaddset: P 3.3.3.1
@item sigdelset: P 3.3.3.1
@item sigismember: P 3.3.3.1
@item sigaction: P 3.3.4.1
@item pthread_sigmask: P96 3.3.5.1
@item sigprocmask: P 3.3.5.1
@item sigpending: P 3.3.6.1
@item sigsuspend: P 3.3.7.1
@item sigwait: P96 3.3.8.1 -- unimplemented
@item sigwaitinfo: P96 3.3.8.1 -- unimplemented
@item sigtimedwait: P96 3.3.8.1 -- unimplemented
@item sigqueue: P96 3.3.9.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_kill: P96 3.3.10.1
@item alarm: P 3.4.1.1
@item pause: P 3.4.2.1
@item sleep: P 3.4.3.1
@end itemize
@item Process Environment (Section 4)
@itemize @code
@item getpid: P 4.1.1.1
@item getppid: P 4.1.1.1
@item getuid: P 4.2.1.1
@item geteuid: P 4.2.1.1
@item getgid: P 4.2.1.1
@item getegid: P 4.2.1.1
@item setuid: P 4.2.2.1 (stub on 9X, sets ENOSYS, returns zero)
@item setgid: P 4.2.2.1 (stub on 9X, sets ENOSYS, returns zero)
@item getgroups: P 4.2.3.1
@item getlogin: P 4.2.4.1
@item getlogin_r: P 4.2.4.1 -- unimplemented
@item getpgrp: P 4.3.1.1
@item setsid: P 4.3.2.1
@item setpgid: P 4.3.3.1
@item uname: P 4.4.1.1
@item time: C 4.12.2.4, P 4.5.1.1
@item times: P 4.5.2.1
@item getenv: C 4.10.4.4, P 4.6.1.1
@item ctermid: P 4.7.1.1
@item ttyname: P 4.7.2.1
@item ttyname_r: P 4.7.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item isatty: P 4.7.2.1
@item sysconf: P 4.8.1.1
@end itemize
@item Files and Directories (Section 5)
@itemize @code
@item opendir: P 5.1.2.1
@item readdir: P 5.1.2.1
@item readdir_r: P96 5.1.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item rewinddir: P 5.1.2.1
@item closedir: P 5.1.2.1
@item chdir: P 5.2.1.1
@item getcwd: P 5.2.2.1
@item open: P 5.3.1.1
@item creat: P 5.3.2.1
@item umask: P 5.3.3.1
@item link: P 5.3.4.1 (copy file in Win 95, and when link fails in NT)
@item mkdir: P 5.4.1.1
@item mkfifo: P 5.4.2.1 -- unimplemented!!!
@item unlink: P 5.5.1.1
@item rmdir: P 5.5.2.1
@item rename: C 4.9.4.2, P 5.5.3.1
@item stat: P 5.6.2.1
@item fstat: P 5.6.2.1
@item access: P 5.6.3.1
@item chmod: P 5.6.4.1
@item fchmod: P96 5.6.4.1
@item chown: P 5.6.5.1 (stub in Win 95; always returns zero)
@item utime: P 5.6.6.1
@item ftruncate: P96 5.6.7.1
@item pathconf: P 5.7.1.1
@item fpathconf: P 5.7.1.1
@end itemize
@item Input and Output Primitives (Section 6)
@itemize @code
@item pipe: P 6.1.1.1
@item dup: P 6.2.1.1
@item dup2: P 6.2.1.1
@item close: P 6.3.1.1
@item read: P 6.4.1.1
@item write: P 6.4.2.1
@item fcntl: P 6.5.2.1 (note: fcntl(fd, F_GETLK,...) is not implemented (returns -1 with errno set to ENOSYS)).
@item lseek: P 6.5.3.1 (note: only works correctly on binary files)
@item fsync: P96 6.6.1.1
@item fdatasync: P96 6.6.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item aio_read: P96 6.7.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item aio_write: P96 6.7.3.1 -- unimplemented
@item lio_listio: P96 6.7.4.1 -- unimplemented
@item aio_error: P96 6.7.5.1 -- unimplemented
@item aio_return: P96 6.7.6.1 -- unimplemented
@item aio_cancel: P96 6.7.7.1 -- unimplemented
@item aio_suspend: P96 6.7.8.1 -- unimplemented
@item aio_fsync: P96 6.7.9.1 -- unimplemented
@end itemize
@item Device- and Class-Specific Functions (Section 7)
@itemize @code
@item cfgetispeed: P96 7.1.3.1
@item cfgetospeed: P96 7.1.3.1
@item cfsetispeed: P96 7.1.3.1
@item cfsetospeed: P96 7.1.3.1
@item tcdrain: P 7.2.2.1
@item tcflow: P 7.2.2.1
@item tcflush: P 7.2.2.1
@item tcgetattr: P96 7.2.1.1
@item tcgetpgrp: P 7.2.3.1
@item tcsendbreak: P 7.2.2.1
@item tcsetattr: P96 7.2.1.1
@item tcsetpgrp: P 7.2.4.1
@end itemize
@item Language-Specific Services for the C Programming Language
(Section 8)
@itemize @code
@item abort: C 4.10.4.1, P 8.2.3.12
@item asctime_r: P96 8.3.4.1 -- unimplemented
@item ctime_r: P96 8.3.5.1 -- unimplemented
@item exit: C 4.10.4.3, P 8.2.3.12
@item fclose: C 4.9.5.1, P 8.2.3.2
@item fdopen: P 8.2.2.1
@item fflush: C 4.9.5.2, P 8.2.3.4
@item fgetc: C 4.9.7.1, P 8.2.3.5
@item fgets: C 4.9.7.2, P 8.2.3.5
@item fileno: P 8.2.1.1
@item flockfile: P96 8.2.6.1 -- unimplemented
@item fopen: C 4.9.5.3, P 8.2.3.1
@item fprintf: C 4.9.7.3, P 8.2.3.6
@item fputc: C 4.9.7.3, P 8.2.3.6
@item fputs: C 4.9.7.4, P 8.2.3.6
@item fread: C 4.9.8.1, P 8.2.3.5
@item freopen: C 4.9.5.4, P 8.2.3.3
@item fscanf: C 4.9.6.2, P 8.2.3.7
@item fseek: C 4.9.9.2, P 8.2.3.7
@item ftell: C 4.9.9.4, P 8.2.3.10
@item ftrylockfile: P96 8.2.6.1 -- unimplemented
@item funlockfile: P96 8.2.6.1 -- unimplemented
@item fwrite: C 4.9.8.2, P 8.2.3.6
@item getc: C 4.9.7.5, P 8.2.3.5
@item getc_unlocked: P96 8.2.7.1
@item getchar: C 4.9.7.6, P 8.2.3.5
@item getchar_unlocked: P96 8.2.7.1
@item gets: C 4.9.7.7, P 8.2.3.5
@item gmtime_r: P96 8.3.6.1 -- unimplemented
@item localtime_r: P96 8.3.7.1 -- unimplemented
@item perror: C 4.9.10.4, P 8.2.3.8
@item printf: C 4.9.6.3, P 8.2.3.6
@item putc: C 4.9.7.8, P 8.2.3.6
@item putc_unlocked: P96 8.2.7.1
@item putchar: C 4.9.7.9, P 8.2.3.6
@item putchar_unlocked: P96 8.2.7.1
@item puts: C 4.9.7.10, P 8.2.3.6
@item rand_r: P96 8.3.8.1 -- unimplemented
@item remove: C 4.9.4.1, P 8.2.4
@item rewind: C 4.9.9.5, P 8.2.3.7
@item scanf: C 4.9.6.4, P 8.2.3.5
@item setlocale: C 4.4.1.1, P 8.1.2.1
@item siglongjmp: P 8.3.1.1
@item sigsetjmp: P 8.3.1.1
@item strtok_r: P96 8.3.3.1 -- unimplemented
@item tmpfile: C 4.9.4.3, P 8.2.3.9
@item tmpnam: C 4.9.4.4, P 8.2.5
@item tzset: P 8.3.2.1
@end itemize
@item System Databases (Section 9)
@itemize @code
@item getgrgid: P 9.2.1.1
@item getgrgid_r: P96 9.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item getgrnam: P 9.2.1.1
@item getgrnam_r: P96 9.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item getpwnam: P 9.2.2.1
@item getpwnam_r: P96 9.2.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item getpwuid: P 9.2.2.1
@item getpwuid_r: P96 9.2.2.1 -- unimplemented
@end itemize
@item Synchronization (Section 11)
@itemize @code
@item pthread_cond_broadcast: P96 11.4.3.1
@item pthread_cond_destroy: P96 11.4.2.1
@item pthread_cond_init: P96 11.4.2.1
@item pthread_cond_signal: P96 11.4.3.1
@item pthread_cond_timedwait: P96 11.4.4.1
@item pthread_cond_wait: P96 11.4.4.1
@item pthread_condattr_destroy: P96 11.4.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_condattr_getpshared: P96 11.4.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_condattr_init: P96 11.4.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_condattr_setpshared: P96 11.4.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_mutex_destroy: P96 11.3.2.1
@item pthread_mutex_init: P96 11.3.2.1
@item pthread_mutex_lock: P96 11.3.3.1
@item pthread_mutex_trylock: P96 11.3.3.1
@item pthread_mutex_unlock: P96 11.3.3.1
@item sem_close: P96 11.2.4.1 -- unimplemented
@item sem_destroy: P96 11.2.2.1
@item sem_getvalue: P96 11.2.8.1 -- unimplemented
@item sem_init: P96 11.2.1.1
@item sem_open: P96 11.2.3.1 -- unimplemented
@item sem_post: P96 11.2.7.1
@item sem_trywait: P96 11.2.6.1
@item sem_unlink: P96 11.2.5.1 -- unimplemented
@item sem_wait: P96 11.2.6.1
@end itemize
@item Memory Management (Section 12)
@itemize @code
@item mlock: P96 12.1.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item mlockall: P96 12.1.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item mmap: P96 12.2.1.1
@item mprotect: P96 12.2.3.1
@item msync: P96 12.2.4.1
@item munlock: P96 12.1.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item munlockall: P96 12.1.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item munmap: P96 12.2.2.1
@item shm_open: P96 12.3.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item shm_unlink: P96 12.3.2.1 -- unimplemented
@end itemize
@item Execution Scheduling (Section 13)
@itemize @code
@item pthread_attr_getinheritsched: P96 13.5.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_getschedparam: P96 13.5.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_getschedpolicy: P96 13.5.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_getscope: P96 13.5.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_setinheritsched: P96 13.5.1.1
@item pthread_attr_setschedparam: P96 13.5.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_setschedpolicy: P96 13.5.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_setscope: P96 13.5.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_getschedparam: P96 13.5.2.1
@item pthread_mutex_getprioceiling: P96 13.6.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_mutex_setprioceiling: P96 13.6.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling: P96 13.6.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol: P96 13.6.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling: P96 13.6.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol: P96 13.6.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_setschedparam: P96 13.5.2.1
@item sched_get_priority_max: P96 13.3.6.1 -- unimplemented
@item sched_get_priority_min: P96 13.3.6.1 -- unimplemented
@item sched_getparam: P96 13.3.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item sched_getscheduler: P96 13.3.4.1 -- unimplemented
@item sched_rr_get_interval: P96 13.3.6.1 -- unimplemented
@item sched_setparam: P96 13.3.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item sched_setscheduler: P96 13.3.3.1 -- unimplemented
@item sched_yield: P96 13.3.5.1 -- unimplemented
@end itemize
@item Clocks and Timers (Section 14)
@itemize @code
@item clock_getres: P96 14.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item clock_gettime: P96 14.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item clock_settime: P96 14.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item nanosleep: P96 14.2.5.1 -- unimplemented
@item timer_create: P96 14.2.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item timer_delete: P96 14.2.3.1 -- unimplemented
@item timer_getoverrun: P96 14.2.4.1 -- unimplemented
@item timer_gettime: P96 14.2.4.1 -- unimplemented
@item timer_settime: P96 14.2.4.1 -- unimplemented
@end itemize
@item Message Passing (Section 15)
@itemize @code
@item mq_close: P96 15.2.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item mq_getattr: P96 15.2.8.1 -- unimplemented
@item mq_notify: P96 15.2.6.1 -- unimplemented
@item mq_open: P96 15.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item mq_receive: P96 15.2.5.1 -- unimplemented
@item mq_send: P96 15.2.4.1 -- unimplemented
@item mq_setattr: P96 15.2.7.1 -- unimplemented
@item mq_unlink: P96 15.2.3.1 -- unimplemented
@end itemize
@item Thread Management (Section 16)
@itemize @code
@item pthread_attr_destroy: P96 16.2.1.1
@item pthread_attr_getdetachstate: P96 16.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_getstackaddr: P96 16.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_getstacksize: P96 16.2.1.1
@item pthread_attr_init: P96 16.2.1.1
@item pthread_attr_setdetachstate: P96 16.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_setstackaddr: P96 16.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_attr_setstacksize: P96 16.2.1.1
@item pthread_create: P96 16.2.2.1
@item pthread_detach: P96 16.2.4.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_equal: P96 16.2.7.1
@item pthread_exit: P96 16.2.5.1
@item pthread_join: P96 16.2.3.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_once: P96 16.2.8.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_self: P96 16.2.6.1
@end itemize
@item Thread-Specific Data (Section 17)
@itemize @code
@item pthread_getspecific: P96 17.1.2.1
@item pthread_key_create: P96 17.1.1.1
@item pthread_key_delete: P96 17.1.3.1
@item pthread_setspecific: P96 17.1.2.1
@end itemize
@item Thread Cancellation (Section 18)
@itemize @code
@item pthread_cancel: P96 18.2.1.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_cleanup_pop: P96 18.2.3.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_cleanup_push: P96 18.2.3.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_setcancelstate: P96 18.2.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_setcanceltype: P96 18.2.2.1 -- unimplemented
@item pthread_testcancel: P96 18.2.2.1 -- unimplemented
@end itemize
@section Misc Functions
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
@item Networking (net.cc) (Standardized by POSIX 1.g, which is probably still in draft?)
@itemize @code
@item accept
@item bind
@item connect
@item getdomainname
@item gethostbyaddr
@item gethostbyname
@item getpeername
@item getprotobyname
@item getprotobynumber
@item getservbyname
@item getservbyport
@item getsockname
@item getsockopt
@item herror
@item htonl
@item htons
@item inet_addr
@item inet_makeaddr
@item inet_netof
@item inet_ntoa
@item listen
@item ntohl
@item ntohs
@item rcmd
@item recv
@item recvfrom
@item rexec
@item rresvport
@item send
@item sendto
@item setsockopt
@item shutdown
@item socket
@item socketpair
@end itemize
Of these networking calls, rexec, rcmd and rresvport are implemented
in MS IP stack but may not be implemented in other vendors' stacks.
@item Other
@itemize @code
@item acl
@item aclcheck
@item aclfrommode
@item aclfrompbits
@item aclfromtext
@item aclsort
@item acltomode
@item acltopbits
@item acltotext
@item chroot (with restrictions)
@item closelog
@item cwait
@item cygwin_conv_to_full_posix_path
@item cygwin_conv_to_full_win32_path
@item cygwin_conv_to_posix_path
@item cygwin_conv_to_win32_path
@item cygwin_logon_user
@item cygwin_posix_path_list_p
@item cygwin_posix_to_win32_path_list
@item cygwin_posix_to_win32_path_list_buf_size
@item cygwin_set_impersonation_token
@item cygwin_split_path
@item cygwin_win32_to_posix_path_list
@item cygwin_win32_to_posix_path_list_buf_size
@item cygwin_winpid_to_pid
@item dlclose
@item dlerror
@item dlfork
@item dlopen
@item dlsym
@item endgrent
@item endhostent
@item facl
@item fcloseall
@item fcloseall_r
@item ffs
@item fstatfs
@item ftime
@item get_osfhandle
@item getdtablesize
@item getgrent
@item gethostname
@item getitimer
@item getmntent
@item getpagesize
@item getpgid
@item getpwent
@item gettimeofday: BSD
@item grantpt
@item initgroups (stub)
@item ioctl
@item killpg
@item login
@item logout
@item lstat
@item mknod (stub, sets ENOSYS, returns -1)
@item memccpy
@item nice
@item openlog
@item pclose
@item popen
@item ptsname
@item putenv
@item random
@item readv
@item realpath
@item regfree
@item rexec
@item select
@item setegid: SVR4 (stub on 9X, sets ENOSYS, returns zero)@item endpwent
@item setenv
@item seterrno
@item seteuid (stub on 9X, sets ENOSYS, returns zero)
@item sethostent
@item setitimer
@item setmntent
@item setmode
@item setpassent
@item setpgrp
@item setpwent
@item settimeofday: BSD (stub, set ENOSYS, return -1)
@item sexecl
@item sexecle
@item sexeclp
@item sexeclpe
@item sexeclpe
@item sexecp
@item sexecv
@item sexecve
@item sexecvpe
@item sigpause
@item spawnl (spawn calls are from Windows C library)
@item spawnle
@item spawnlp
@item spawnlpe
@item spawnv
@item spawnve
@item spawnvp
@item spawnvpe
@item srandom
@item statfs
@item strsignal
@item strtosigno
@item swab
@item syslog
@item timezone
@item truncate (SVR4/4.3+BSD)
@item ttyslot
@item unlockpt
@item unsetenv
@item usleep
@item utimes
@item vfork: stub that calls fork
@item vhangup (stub, sets ENOSYS, returns -1)
@item wait3
@item wait4
@item wcscmp
@item wcslen
@item wprintf
@item writev
@end itemize
@end itemize

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@section Release Beta 20.1 (Dec 4 1998)
This is a bug fix update to the Beta 20 release.
The main change is an improved version of the Cygwin library although
there are also a couple of other minor changes to the tools.
@subsection Changes in specific tools:
The "-mno-cygwin" flag to gcc now include the correct headers. In 20.0,
it included the Cygwin headers which was incorrect.
The "-pipe" flag to gcc works correctly now.
The cygcheck program now reassures users that not finding cpp is the
correct behavior.
The "-b" flag to md5sum can now be used to generate correct checksums
of binary files.
The libtermcap library has been added to the compiler tools sources.
It is the new source of the termcap library and /etc/termcap file.
The less pager (using libtermcap) has been added to the binary
distribution.
@subsection Changes in the Cygwin API (cygwin.dll):
This version of Cygwin is backwards-compatible with the beta 20 and 19
releases. The library is now much more stable under Windows 9x and the
bugs affecting configures under 9x (and NT to a lesser extent) have
also been fixed.
The bug that made it necessary to start the value of the CYGWIN
environment variable with two leading spaces has been fixed.
The serial support in the select call has been fixed.
Handling of DLLs loaded by non-cygwin apps has been improved. Bugs in
dlopen have been fixed.
Passing _SC_CHILD_MAX to the sysconf function now yields CHILD_MAX (63)
instead of _POSIX_CHILD_MAX (3).
Several minor path bugs have been fixed. Including the one that
caused "mkdir a/" to fail.
The include file sys/sysmacros.h has been added. Added missing protos
for wcslen and wcscmp to wchar.h.
__P is now defined in include/sys/cdefs.h. To support that last change,
the top-level Makefile.in now sets CC_FOR_TARGET and CXX_FOR_TARGET
differently.
Cygwin now exports the following newlib bessel functions: j1, jn, y1,
yn.
Several tty ioctl options have been added: TCGETA, TCSETA, TCSETAW, and
TCSETAF.
Several functions cope with NULL pointer references more gracefully.
Problems with execution of relative paths via #! should be fixed.
@section Release Beta 20 (Oct 30 1998)
This is a significant update to the Beta 19 release. In addition to an
EGCS-based compiler and updated tools, this release includes a new
version of the Cygwin library that contains many improvements and
bugfixes over the last one.
@subsection The project has a new name!
Starting with this release, we are retiring the "GNU-Win32" name for the
releases. We have also dropped the "32" from Cygwin32. This means that
you should now refer to the tools as "the Cygwin toolset", the library
as "the Cygwin library" or "the Cygwin DLL", and the library's interface
as "the Cygwin API".
Because of this name change, we have changed any aspects of the library
that involved the name "Cygwin32". For example, the CYGWIN32
environment variable is now the CYGWIN environment variable. API
functions starting with cygwin32_ are still available under that form
for backwards-compatibility as well as under the new cygwin_-prefixed
names. The same goes for the change of preprocessor define from
__CYGWIN32__ to __CYGWIN__. We will remove the old names in a future
release so please take the minute or two that it will take to remove
those "32"s. Thanks and I apologize for the hassle this may cause
people. We would have changed the name to "Bob" but that name's already
taken by Microsoft... :-)
Why change it? For one thing, not all of the software included in the
distributions is GNU software, including the Cygwin library itself. So
calling the project "GNU-Win32" has always been a bit of a misnomer. In
addition, we think that calling the tools the "Cygwin tools" that use
the "Cygwin library" will be less confusing to people.
Also notice that we are now on the spiffy new sourceware.cygnus.com
web/ftp site. The old address will work for some unknown period of
time (hopefully at least until we get all of the mirrors adjusted).
@subsection Changes in specific tools:
The latest public EGCS release is now the basis for the compiler used
in Cygwin distributions. As a result, EGCS 1.1 is the compiler in this
release, with a few additional x86/Cygwin-related patches.
Those of you who are more interested in native Windows development than
in porting Unix programs will be glad to know that a new gcc flag
"-mno-cygwin" will link in the latest Mingw32 libs and produce an
executable that does not use Cygwin.
All of the other development tools have been updated to their latest
versions. The linker (ld) includes many important bug fixes. It is now
possible to safely strip a DLL with a .reloc section. The windres
resource compiler is significantly improved.
Beta 20 also includes upgrades to a number of packages: ash-0.3.2-4,
bash 2.02.1, grep-2.2, ncurses 4.2, and less 332. We have added bzip2
0.9.0 to the distribution. And you'll now find that the df utility
has joined its other friends from the fileutils package.
The sh executable is still ash from the Debian Linux distribution but no
longer has the problematic quoting bug that was present in the Beta 19
release. Control-Cs in the bash shell no longer kill background tasks.
Tcl/tk are upgraded to version 8.1a2 (with additional patches).
Compatible versions of tix and itcl are included. These all include
Cygwin-compatible configury files so you can do a Unix-style build of
the Win32 ports of tcl/tk. expect has been upgraded to 5.26 with some
additional Cygwin patches.
In response to customer requests and feedback, Cygnus has developed a
better graphical front end to GDB than GDBtk or WinGDB. This tcl-based
GUI is shipping today to customers of the GNUPro Toolkit. The
instrumentation changes to GDB and the tcl interpreter that was built
into GDB are part of the GPL'd source base. But the tcl scripts are not
being made available to the net at this time. For this reason, you will
only find a command-line version of gdb in this Cygwin release.
DJ Delorie has written a new "cygcheck" program that will print out
useful information about how your Cygwin environment is set up, what
DLLs a named executable is loading from where, etc. We hope this will
make it easier to help diagnose common setup problems.
The ps utility has been upgraded. It now has several options including
shorter and longer output formats.
@subsection Changes in the Cygwin API (cygwin.dll):
This version of Cygwin is backwards-compatible with the beta 19 release.
You can use the new "cygwin1.dll" with your old B19-compiled executables
if you move the old "cygwinb19.dll" out of the way and install a copy
of "cygwin1.dll" as "cygwinb19.dll".
Quite a lot of the Cygwin internals have been rewritten or modified to
address various issues. If you have a question about specific changes,
the winsup/ChangeLog file in the development tools sources lists all
changes made to the DLL over the last three years. Following are a few
highlights:
We are now using a new versioning scheme for Cygwin. There is now a
separate version number for the DLL, the API, the shared memory region
interfaces, and the registry interface. This will hopefully make it
easier for multiple Cygwin toolsets to coexist in one user environment.
Windows 98 is now supported (it is like Windows 95 from Cygwin's
perspective). We still recommend upgrading to Windows NT.
While there is still a lot left to do in improving Cygwin's runtime
performance, we have put some effort into this prior to the B20 release.
Hopefully you will find that the latest version of Cygwin is faster than
ever. In addition, we have plugged several nasty handle leaks
associated with opening/closing files and with using ttys.
The lseek call now uses WriteFile to fill gaps with zeros whenever a
write is done past an EOF, rather than leaving "undefined" data as Win32
specifies.
Significant work has been done to improve the Cygwin header files.
The Cygwin Support for Unix-style serial I/O is much improved.
Path handling has had another round of fixes/rewrites. We no longer use
NT Extended Attributes by default for storing Unix permissions/execute
status because the file NT creates on FAT partitions is not scalable to
thousands of files (everything slows to a crawl).
Signal handling has also gotten a fair amount of attention.
Unfortunately, there are still some problems combining itimers and
Windows 9x.
The number of ttys has been upped from 16 to 128.
New API calls included in the DLL: sethostent, endhostent.
As mentioned earlier, all cygwin32_-prefixed functions are now exported
with a cygwin_ prefix instead. Please adjust your code to call the
newly named functions.
reads of `slow' devices are now correctly interrupted by signals, i.e.
a read will receive an EINTR.

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@chapter What are the copyrights ?
@section The general idea
Most of the tools are covered by the GNU General Public License (GPL),
although some are public domain, and others have a X11-style
copyright. To cover the GNU GPL requirements, the basic rule is if
you give out any binaries, you must also make the source available.
For the full details, be sure to read the text of the GNU GPL which
follows.
The Cygwin API library found in the winsup subdirectory of the source
code is also covered by the GNU GPL. By default, all executables link
against this library (and in the process include GPL'd Cygwin glue
code). This means that unless you modify the tools so that compiled
executables do not make use of the Cygwin library, your compiled
programs will also have to be free software distributed under the GPL
with source code available to all.
Cygwin is currently available for proprietary use only through a
proprietary-use license. Please see
@file{http://www.redhat.com/software/cygwin/} for more information
about the Red Hat Cygwin Product.
In accordance with section 10 of the GPL, Red Hat, Inc. permits
programs whose sources are distributed under a license that complies
with the Open Source definition to be linked with libcygwin.a without
libcygwin.a itself causing the resulting program to be covered by the
GNU GPL.
This means that you can port an Open Source(tm) application to cygwin,
and distribute that executable as if it didn't include a copy of
libcygwin.a linked into it. Note that this does not apply to the
cygwin DLL itself. If you distribute a (possibly modified) version of
the DLL you must adhere to the terms of the GPL, i.e., you must
provide sources for the cygwin DLL.
See @file{http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition_plain.html} for
the precise Open Source Definition referenced above.
@section GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
@example
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
parties under the terms of this License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with such
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
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operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
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these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
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You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
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license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
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such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
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system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) 19yy <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.
@end example

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\input texinfo
@title The Cygwin FAQ
@author You can always find the latest version of this FAQ at @file{http://cygwin.com/faq.html}.
@setfilename faq.txt
@include what.texinfo
@include install.texinfo
@include how.texinfo
@include relnotes.texinfo
@include history.texinfo
@include who.texinfo
@include copy.texinfo

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@chapter History
This section of the FAQ is no longer maintained.
Instead, see @file{http://cygwin.com/history.html}.

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@section Cygwin API Questions
@subsection How does everything work?
There's a C library which provides a Unix-style API. The
applications are linked with it and voila - they run on Windows.
The aim is to add all the goop necessary to make your apps run on
Windows into the C library. Then your apps should run on Unix and
Windows with no changes at the source level.
The C library is in a DLL, which makes basic applications quite small.
And it allows relatively easy upgrades to the Win32/Unix translation
layer, providing that DLL changes stay backward-compatible.
For a good overview of Cygwin, you may want to read the paper on Cygwin
published by the Usenix Association in conjunction with the 2d Usenix NT
Symposium in August 1998. It is available in HTML format on the project
WWW site.
@subsection Are development snapshots for the Cygwin library available?
Yes. They're made whenever anything interesting happens inside the
Cygwin library (usually roughly on a nightly basis, depending on how much
is going on). They are only intended for those people who wish to
contribute code to the project. If you aren't going to be happy
debugging problems in a buggy snapshot, avoid these and wait for a real
release. The snapshots are available from
@file{http://cygwin.com/snapshots/}.
@subsection How is the DOS/Unix CR/LF thing handled?
Let's start with some background.
In UNIX, a file is a file and what the file contains is whatever the
program/programmer/user told it to put into it. In Windows, a file is
also a file and what the file contains depends not only on the
program/programmer/user but also the file processing mode.
When processing in text mode, certain values of data are treated
specially. A \n (new line) written to the file will prepend a \r
(carriage return) so that if you `printf("Hello\n") you in fact get
"Hello\r\n". Upon reading this combination, the \r is removed and the
number of bytes returned by the read is 1 less than was actually read.
This tends to confuse programs dependent on ftell() and fseek(). A
Ctrl-Z encountered while reading a file sets the End Of File flags even
though it truly isn't the end of file.
One of Cygwin's goals is to make it possible to easily mix Cygwin-ported
Unix programs with generic Windows programs. As a result, Cygwin opens
files in text mode as is normal under Windows. In the accompanying
tools, tools that deal with binaries (e.g. objdump) operate in Unix
binary mode and tools that deal with text files (e.g. bash) operate in
text mode.
Some people push the notion of globally setting the default processing
mode to binary via mount point options or by setting the CYGWIN
environment variable. But that creates a different problem. In
binary mode, the program receives all of the data in the file, including
a \r. Since the programs will no longer deal with these properly for
you, you would have to remove the \r from the relevant text files,
especially scripts and startup resource files. This is a porter "cop
out", forcing the user to deal with the \r for the porter.
It is rather easy for the porter to fix the source code by supplying the
appropriate file processing mode switches to the open/fopen functions.
Treat all text files as text and treat all binary files as binary.
To be specific, you can select binary mode by adding @code{O_BINARY} to
the second argument of an @code{open} call, or @code{"b"} to second
argument of an @code{fopen} call. You can also call @code{setmode (fd,
O_BINARY)}.
Note that because the open/fopen switches are defined by ANSI, they
exist under most flavors of Unix; open/fopen will just ignore the switch
since they have no meaning to UNIX.
Explanation adapted from mailing list email by Earnie Boyd
<earnie_boyd@@yahoo.com>.
@subsection Is the Cygwin library multi-thread-safe?
Yes.
There is also extensive support for 'POSIX threads', see the file
@code{cygwin.din} for the list of POSIX thread functions provided.
@subsection Why is some functionality only supported in Windows NT?
Windows 9x: n.
32 bit extensions and a graphical shell for a 16 bit patch to an
8 bit operating system originally coded for a 4 bit microprocessor,
written by a 2 bit company that can't stand 1 bit of competition.
But seriously, Windows 9x lacks most of the security-related calls and
has several other deficiencies with respect to its version of the Win32
API. See the calls.texinfo document for more information as to what
is not supported in Win 9x.
@subsection How is fork() implemented?
Cygwin fork() essentially works like a non-copy on write version
of fork() (like old Unix versions used to do). Because of this it
can be a little slow. In most cases, you are better off using the
spawn family of calls if possible.
Here's how it works:
Parent initializes a space in the Cygwin process table for child.
Parent creates child suspended using Win32 CreateProcess call, giving
the same path it was invoked with itself. Parent calls setjmp to save
its own context and then sets a pointer to this in the Cygwin shared
memory area (shared among all Cygwin tasks). Parent fills in the child's
.data and .bss subsections by copying from its own address space into
the suspended child's address space. Parent then starts the child.
Parent waits on mutex for child to get to safe point. Child starts and
discovers if has been forked and then longjumps using the saved jump
buffer. Child sets mutex parent is waiting on and then blocks on
another mutex waiting for parent to fill in its stack and heap. Parent
notices child is in safe area, copies stack and heap from itself into
child, releases the mutex the child is waiting on and returns from the
fork call. Child wakes from blocking on mutex, recreates any mmapped
areas passed to it via shared area and then returns from fork itself.
@subsection How does wildcarding (globbing) work?
If the DLL thinks it was invoked from a DOS style prompt, it runs a
`globber' over the arguments provided on the command line. This means
that if you type @code{LS *.EXE} from DOS, it will do what you might
expect.
Beware: globbing uses @code{malloc}. If your application defines
@code{malloc}, that will get used. This may do horrible things to you.
@subsection How do symbolic links work?
Cygwin knows of two ways to create symlinks.
The old method is the only valid one up to but not including version 1.3.0.
If it's enabled (from 1.3.0 on by setting `nowinsymlinks' in the environment
variable CYGWIN) Cygwin generates link files with a magic header. When you
open a file or directory that is a link to somewhere else, it opens the file
or directory listed in the magic header. Because we don't want to have to
open every referenced file to check symlink status, Cygwin marks symlinks
with the system attribute. Files without the system attribute are not
checked. Because remote samba filesystems do not enable the system
attribute by default, symlinks do not work on network drives unless you
explicitly enable this attribute.
The new method which is introduced with Cygwin version 1.3.0 is enabled
by default or if `winsymlinks' is set in the environment variable CYGWIN.
Using this method, Cygwin generates symlinks by creating Windows shortcuts.
Cygwin created shortcuts have a special header (which is in that way never
created by Explorer) and the R/O attribute set. A DOS path is stored in
the shortcut as usual and the description entry is used to store the POSIX
path. While the POSIX path is stored as is, the DOS path has perhaps to be
rearranged to result in a valid path. This may result in a divergence
between the DOS and the POSIX path when symlinks are moved crossing mount
points. When a user changes the shortcut, this will be detected by Cygwin
and it will only use the DOS path then. While Cygwin shortcuts are shown
without the ".lnk" suffix in `ls' output, non-Cygwin shortcuts are shown
with the suffix. However, both are treated as symlinks.
Both, the old and the new symlinks can live peacefully together since Cygwin
treats both as symlinks regardless of the setting of `(no)winsymlinks' in
the environment variable CYGWIN.
@subsection Why do some files, which are not executables have the 'x' type.
When working out the Unix-style attribute bits on a file, the library
has to fill out some information not provided by the WIN32 API.
It guesses that files ending in .exe and .bat are executable, as are
ones which have a "#!" as their first characters.
@subsection How secure is Cygwin in a multi-user environment?
As of version 1.5.13, the Cygwin developers are not aware of any feature
in the cygwin dll that would allow users to gain privileges or to access
objects to which they have no rights under Windows. However there is no
guarantee that Cygwin is as secure as the Windows it runs on. Cygwin
processes share some variables and are thus easier targets of denial of
service type of attacks.
@subsection How do the net-related functions work?
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
The network support in Cygwin is supposed to provide the Unix API, not
the Winsock API.
There are differences between the semantics of functions with the same
name under the API.
E.g., the select system call on Unix can wait on a standard file handles
and handles to sockets. The select call in Winsock can only wait on
sockets. Because of this, cygwin.dll does a lot of nasty stuff behind
the scenes, trying to persuade various Winsock/win32 functions to do what
a Unix select would do.
If you are porting an application which already uses Winsock, then
using the net support in Cygwin is wrong.
But you can still use native Winsock, and use Cygwin. The functions
which cygwin.dll exports are called 'cygwin_<name>'. There
are a load of defines which map the standard Unix names to the names
exported by the DLL-- check out include/netdb.h:
@example
..etc..
void cygwin_setprotoent (int);
void cygwin_setservent (int);
void cygwin_setrpcent (int);
..etc..
#ifndef __INSIDE_CYGWIN_NET__
#define endprotoent cygwin_endprotoent
#define endservent cygwin_endservent
#define endrpcent cygwin_endrpcent
..etc..
@end example
The idea is that you'll get the Unix->Cygwin mapping if you include
the standard Unix header files. If you use this, you won't need to
link with libwinsock.a - all the net stuff is inside the DLL.
The mywinsock.h file is a standard winsock.h which has been hacked to
remove the bits which conflict with the standard Unix API, or are
defined in other headers. E.g., in mywinsock.h, the definition of
struct hostent is removed. This is because on a Unix box, it lives in
netdb. It isn't a good idea to use it in your applications.
As of the b19 release, this information may be slightly out of date.
@subsection I don't want Unix sockets, how do I use normal Win32 winsock?
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
To use the vanilla Win32 winsock, you just need to #define Win32_Winsock
and #include "windows.h" at the top of your source file(s). You'll also
want to add -lwsock32 to the compiler's command line so you link against
libwsock32.a.
@subsection What version numbers are associated with Cygwin?
Cygwin versioning is relatively complicated because of its status as a
shared library. First of all, since October 1998 every Cygwin DLL has
been named @code{cygwin1.dll} and has a 1 in the release name.
Additionally, there are DLL major and minor numbers that correspond to
the name of the release, and a release number. In other words,
cygwin-1.5.10-2 is @code{cygwin1.dll}, major version 5, minor version
10, release 2.
The @code{cygwin1.dll} major version number gets incremented only when a
change is made that makes existing software incompatible. For example,
the first major version 5 release, cygwin-1.5.0-1, added 64-bit file I/O
operations, which required many libraries to be recompiled and relinked.
The minor version changes every time we make a new backward compatible
Cygwin release available. There is also a @code{cygwin1.dll} release
version number. The release number is only incremented if we update an
existing release in a way that does not effect the DLL (like a missing
header file).
There are also Cygwin API major and minor numbers. The major number
tracks important non-backward-compatible interface changes to the API.
An executable linked with an earlier major number will not be compatible
with the latest DLL. The minor number tracks significant API additions
or changes that will not break older executables but may be required by
newly compiled ones.
Then there is a shared memory region compatibility version number. It is
incremented when incompatible changes are made to the shared memory
region or to any named shared mutexes, semaphores, etc. Finally there
is a mount point registry version number which keeps track
of non-backwards-compatible changes to the registry mount table layout.
This has been @code{mounts v2} for a long time. For more exciting Cygwin
version number details, check out the @code{/usr/include/cygwin/version.h}
file.
@subsection Why isn't _timezone set correctly?
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
Did you explicitly call tzset() before checking the value of _timezone?
If not, you must do so.
@subsection Is there a mouse interface?
There is no way to capture mouse events from Cygwin. There are
currently no plans to add support for this.

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@section Programming Questions
@subsection How do I contribute a package?
If you are willing to be a package maintainer, great! We urgently need
volunteers to prepare and maintain packages, because the priority of the
Cygwin Team is Cygwin itself.
The Cygwin Package Contributor's Guide at
@file{http://cygwin.com/setup.html} details everything you need to know
about being a package maintainer. The quickest way to get started is to
read the @emph{Initial packaging procedure, script-based} section on
that page. The @samp{generic-build-script} found there works well for
most packages.
For questions about package maintenance, use the cygwin-apps mailing
list (start at @file{http://cygwin.com/lists.html}) @emph{after}
searching and browsing the cygwin-apps list archives, of course. Be
sure to look at the @emph{Submitting a package} checklist at
@file{http://cygwin.com/setup.html} before sending an ITP (Intent To
Package) email to cygwin-apps.
You should also announce your intentions to the general cygwin list, in
case others were thinking the same thing.
@subsection How do I contribute to Cygwin?
If you want to contribute to Cygwin itself, see
@file{http://cygwin.com/contrib.html}.
@subsection Why are compiled executables so huge?!?
By default, gcc compiles in all symbols. You'll also find that gcc
creates large executables on UNIX.
If that bothers you, just use the 'strip' program, part of the binutils
package. Or compile with the @samp{-s} option to gcc.
@subsection Where is glibc?
Cygwin does not provide glibc. It uses newlib instead, which provides
much (but not all) of the same functionality. Porting glibc to Cygwin
would be difficult.
@subsection Where is Objective C?
Objective C is not distributed with the Cygwin version of gcc, and there
are no plans to do so. The gcc package maintainer had difficulty
building it, and once built there were problems using it. It appears
that there is only minimal support for the Objective C front-end in the
main GCC distribution, anyway.
@subsection Why does my make fail on Cygwin with an execvp error?
First of all, if you are using @samp{make -j[N]}, then stop. It doesn't
work well. Also beware of using non-portable shell features in your
Makefiles (see tips at @file{http://cygwin.com/faq/faq_3.html#SEC46}).
Errors of @samp{make: execvp: /bin/sh: Illegal Argument} or
@samp{make: execvp: /bin/sh: Argument list too long} are often
caused by the command-line being to long for the Windows execution model.
To circumvent this, mount the path of the executable using the -X switch
to enable cygexec for all executables in that folder; you will also need
to exclude non-cygwin executables with the -x switch. Enabling cygexec
causes cygwin executables to talk directly to one another, which increases
the command-line limit. To enable cygexec for @samp{/bin} and
@samp{/usr/bin}, you can use these commands in a batch file:
@example
mount -X -b -f c:\cygwin\bin /bin
mount -X -b -f c:\cygwin\bin /usr/bin
mount -x -b -f c:\cygwin\bin\strace.exe /usr/bin/strace.exe
mount -x -b -f c:\cygwin\bin\strace.exe /bin/strace.exe
mount -x -b -f c:\cygwin\bin\cygcheck.exe /usr/bin/cygcheck.exe
mount -x -b -f c:\cygwin\bin\cygcheck.exe /bin/cygcheck.exe
@end example
Note that you must specifically exclude @code{strace} and @code{cygcheck},
which are not linked to the Cygwin DLL.
(See @file{http://www.cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using-utils.html#mount}
for more information.)
@subsection Why the undefined reference to @samp{WinMain@@16}?
If you're using @samp{gcc}, try adding an empty main() function to one
of your sources. Or, perhaps you have @samp{-lm} too early in the
link command line. It should be at the end:
@example
bash$ gcc hello.c -lm
bash$ ./a.exe
Hello World!
@end example
works, but
@example
bash$ gcc -lm hello.c
/c/TEMP/ccjLEGlU.o(.text+0x10):hello.c: multiple definition of `main'
/usr/lib/libm.a(libcmain.o)(.text+0x0):libcmain.c: first defined here
/usr/lib/libm.a(libcmain.o)(.text+0x6a):libcmain.c: undefined reference to `WinMain@@16'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
@end example
If you're using GCJ, you need to pass a "--main" flag:
@example
gcj --main=Hello Hello.java
@end example
@subsection How do I use Win32 API calls?
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
It's pretty simple actually. Cygwin tools require that you explicitly
link the import libraries for whatever Win32 API functions that you
are going to use, with the exception of kernel32, which is linked
automatically (because the startup and/or built-in code uses it).
For example, to use graphics functions (GDI) you must link
with gdi32 like this:
gcc -o foo.exe foo.o bar.o -lgdi32
or (compiling and linking in one step):
gcc -o foo.exe foo.c bar.c -lgdi32
The following libraries are available for use in this way:
advapi32 largeint ole32 scrnsave vfw32
cap lz32 oleaut32 shell32 win32spl
comctl32 mapi32 oledlg snmp winmm
comdlg32 mfcuia32 olepro32 svrapi winserve
ctl3d32 mgmtapi opengl32 tapi32 winspool
dlcapi mpr penwin32 th32 winstrm
gdi32 msacm32 pkpd32 thunk32 wow32
glaux nddeapi rasapi32 url wsock32
glu32 netapi32 rpcdce4 user32 wst
icmp odbc32 rpcndr uuid
imm32 odbccp32 rpcns4 vdmdbg
kernel32 oldnames rpcrt4 version
The regular setup allows you to use the option -mwindows on the
command line to include a set of the basic libraries (and also
make your program a GUI program instead of a console program),
including user32, gdi32 and, IIRC, comdlg32.
Note that you should never include -lkernel32 on your link line
unless you are invoking ld directly. Do not include the same import
library twice on your link line. Finally, it is a good idea to
put import libraries last on your link line, or at least after
all the object files and static libraries that reference them.
The first two are related to problems the linker has (as of b18 at least)
when import libraries are referenced twice. Tables get messed up and
programs crash randomly. The last point has to do with the fact that
gcc processes the files listed on the command line in sequence and
will only resolve references to libraries if they are given after
the file that makes the reference.
@subsection How do I compile a Win32 executable that doesn't use Cygwin?
The -mno-cygwin flag to gcc makes gcc link against standard Microsoft
DLLs instead of Cygwin. This is desirable for native Windows programs
that don't need a UNIX emulation layer.
This is not to be confused with 'MinGW' (Minimalist GNU for Windows),
which is a completely separate effort. That project's home page is
@file{http://www.mingw.org/index.shtml}.
@subsection Can I build a Cygwin program that does not require cygwin1.dll at runtime?
No. If your program uses the Cygwin API, then your executable cannot
run without cygwin1.dll. In particular, it is not possible to
statically link with a Cygwin library to obtain an independent,
self-contained executable.
If this is an issue because you intend to distribute your Cygwin
application, then you had better read and understand
@file{http://cygwin.com/licensing.html}, which explains the licensing
options. Unless you purchase a special commercial license from Red
Hat, then your Cygwin application must be Open Source.
@subsection Can I link with both MSVCRT*.DLL and cygwin1.dll?
No, you must use one or the other, they are mutually exclusive.
@subsection How do I make the console window go away?
The default during compilation is to produce a console application.
It you are writing a GUI program, you should either compile with
-mwindows as explained above, or add the string
"-Wl,--subsystem,windows" to the GCC command line.
@subsection Why does make complain about a "missing separator"?
This problem usually occurs as a result of someone editing a Makefile
with a text editor that replaces tab characters with spaces. Command
lines must start with tabs. This is not specific to Cygwin.
@subsection Why can't we redistribute Microsoft's Win32 headers?
Subsection 2.d.f of the `Microsoft Open Tools License agreement' looks
like it says that one may not "permit further redistribution of the
Redistributables to their end users". We take this to mean that we can
give them to you, but you can't give them to anyone else, which is
something that Red Hat can't agree to. Fortunately, we
have our own Win32 headers which are pretty complete.
@subsection How do I use @samp{cygwin1.dll} with Visual Studio or MinGW?
Before you begin, note that Cygwin is licensed under the GNU GPL (as
indeed are all other Cygwin-based libraries). That means that if your
code links against the cygwin dll (and if your program is calling
functions from Cygwin, it must, as a matter of fact, be linked against
it), you must apply the GPL to your source as well. Of course, this
only matters if you plan to distribute your program in binary form. For
more information, see @file{http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html}. If
that is not a problem, read on.
If you want to load the DLL dynamically, read
@code{winsup/cygwin/how-cygtls-works.txt} and the sample code in
@code{winsup/testsuite/cygload} to understand how this works.
The short version is:
@enumerate
@item Make sure you have 4K of scratch space at the bottom of your stack.
@item Invoke @code{cygwin_dll_init()}:
@example
HMODULE h = LoadLibrary("cygwin1.dll");
void (*init)() = GetProcAddress(h, "cygwin_dll_init");
init();
@end example
@end enumerate
If you want to link statically from Visual Studio, to my knowledge
none of the Cygwin developers have done this, but we have this report
from the mailing list that it can be done this way:
@enumerate
@item Use the impdef program to generate a .def file for the cygwin1.dll
(if you build the cygwin dll from source, you will already have a def
file)
@example
impdef cygwin1.dll > cygwin1.def
@end example
@item Use the MS VS linker (lib) to generate an import library
@example
lib /def=cygwin1.def /out=cygwin1.lib
@end example
@item Create a file "my_crt0.c" with the following contents
@example
#include <sys/cygwin.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef int (*MainFunc) (int argc, char *argv[], char **env);
void
my_crt0 (MainFunc f)
@{
cygwin_crt0(f);
@}
@end example
@item Use gcc in a Cygwin prompt to build my_crt0.c into a DLL
(e.g. my_crt0.dll). Follow steps 1 and 2 to generate .def and
.lib files for the DLL.
@item Download crt0.c from the cygwin website and include it in
your sources. Modify it to call my_crt0() instead of
cygwin_crt0().
@item Build your object files using the MS VC compiler cl.
@item Link your object files, cygwin1.lib, and my_crt0.lib (or
whatever you called it) into the executable.
@end enumerate
Note that if you are using any other Cygwin based libraries
that you will probably need to build them as DLLs using gcc and
then generate import libraries for the MS VC linker.
Thanks to Alastair Growcott (alastair dot growcott at bakbone dot co
dot uk) for this tip.
@subsection How do I link against a @samp{.lib} file?
If your @samp{.lib} file is a normal static or import library with
C-callable entry points, you can list @samp{foo.lib} as an object file for
gcc/g++, just like any @samp{*.o} file. Otherwise, here are some steps:
@enumerate
@item Build a C file with a function table. Put all functions you intend
to use in that table. This forces the linker to include all the object
files from the .lib. Maybe there is an option to force LINK.EXE to
include an object file.
@item Build a dummy 'LibMain'.
@item Build a .def with all the exports you need.
@item Link with your .lib using link.exe.
@end enumerate
or
@enumerate
@item Extract all the object files from the .lib using LIB.EXE.
@item Build a dummy C file referencing all the functions you need, either
with a direct call or through an initialized function pointer.
@item Build a dummy LibMain.
@item Link all the objects with this file+LibMain.
@item Write a .def.
@item Link.
@end enumerate
You can use these methods to use MSVC (and many other runtime libs)
with Cygwin development tools.
Note that this is a lot of work (half a day or so), but much less than
rewriting the runtime library in question from specs...
Thanks to Jacob Navia (root at jacob dot remcomp dot fr) for this explanation.
@subsection How do I build Cygwin on my own?
First, you need to get the Cygwin source. Ideally, you should check out
what you need from CVS (@file{http://cygwin.com/cvs.html}). This is the
@emph{preferred method} for acquiring the sources. Otherwise, you can
install the cygwin source package from the distribution.
If you are trying to duplicate a cygwin release then you should just
download the corresponding source package and use "tar xjf" to unpack
it. This will unpack the sources into a directory named cygwin-x.y.z-n,
where x.y.z-n correspond to the version numbering of the tar.bz2
package.
@example
tar xjf cygwin-1.5.12-1-src.tar.bz2
cd cygwin-1.5.12-1
@end example
You @emph{must} build cygwin in a separate directory from the source,
so create something like a @samp{build/} directory. You will also want
to install to a temporary location:
@example
mkdir build
mkdir /install
cd build
(../configure --prefix=/install -v; make) >& make.out
make install > install.log 2>&1
@end example
Normally, this procedure ignore errors in building the documentation.
which requires the @samp{docbook-xml}, @samp{docbook-xsl}, and
@samp{xmlto} packages. For more information on building the
documentation, see the README included in the cygwin-doc package.
To check a cygwin1.dll, run "make check" in the winsup/testsuite
directory. If that works, install everything @emph{except} the dll (if
you can). Then, close down all cygwin programs (including bash windows,
inetd, etc.), save your old dll, and copy the new dll to the correct
place. Then start up a bash window, or run a cygwin program from the
Windows command prompt, and see what happens.
If you get the error "shared region is corrupted" it means that two
different versions of cygwin1.dll are running on your machine at the
same time. Remove all but one.
@subsection I may have found a bug in Cygwin, how can I debug it (the symbols in gdb look funny)?
Debugging symbols are stripped from distibuted Cygwin binaries, so any
symbols that you see in gdb are basically meaningless. It is also a good
idea to use the latest code in case the bug has been fixed, so we
recommend trying the latest snapshot from
@file{http://cygwin.com/snapshots/} or build the DLL from CVS.
To build a debugging version of the Cygwin DLL, you will need to follow
the instructions at @file{http://cygwin.com/faq/faq_3.html#SEC102}. You
can also contact the mailing list for pointers (a simple test case that
demonstrates the bug is always welcome).
@subsection How can I compile Cygwin for an unsupported platform (PowerPC, Alpha, ARM, Itanium)?
Unfortunately, this will be difficult. Exception handling and signals
support semantics and args have been designed for x86 so you would need
to write specific support for your platform. We don't know of any other
incompatibilities. Please send us patches if you do this work!
@subsection How can I adjust the heap/stack size of an application?
If you need to change the maximum amount of memory available to Cygwin, see
@file{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html}. Otherwise,
just pass heap/stack linker arguments to gcc. To create foo.exe with
a heap size of 1024 and a stack size of 4096, you would invoke
gcc as:
@code{gcc -Wl,--heap,1024,--stack,4096 -o foo foo.c}
@subsection How can I find out which DLLs are needed by an executable?
@samp{objdump -p} provides this information, but is rather verbose.
@samp{cygcheck} will do this much more concisely, and operates
recursively, provided the command is in your path.
Note there is currently a bug in cygcheck in that it will not report
on a program in a Windows system dir (e.g., C:\Windows or C:\WINNT) even
if it's in your path. To work around this, supply the full Win32 path
to the executable, including the .exe extension:
@example
cygcheck c:\\winnt\\system32\\cmd.exe
@end example
(Note the windows path separator must be escaped if this is typed in
bash.)
@subsection How do I build a DLL?
There's documentation that explains the process in the Cygwin User's
Guide here: @file{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/dll.html}
@subsection How can I set a breakpoint at MainCRTStartup?
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
Set a breakpoint at *0x401000 in gdb and then run the program in
question.
@subsection How can I build a relocatable dll?
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the
latest net release. However, there was a discussion on the cygwin
mailing list recently that addresses this issue. Read
@file{http://cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2000-06/msg00688.html} and
related messages.)}
You must execute the following sequence of five commands, in this
order:
@example
$(LD) -s --base-file BASEFILE --dll -o DLLNAME OBJS LIBS -e ENTRY
$(DLLTOOL) --as=$(AS) --dllname DLLNAME --def DEFFILE \
--base-file BASEFILE --output-exp EXPFILE
$(LD) -s --base-file BASEFILE EXPFILE -dll -o DLLNAME OBJS LIBS -e ENTRY
$(DLLTOOL) --as=$(AS) --dllname DLLNAME --def DEFFILE \
--base-file BASEFILE --output-exp EXPFILE
$(LD) EXPFILE --dll -o DLLNAME OBJS LIBS -e ENTRY
@end example
In this example, $(LD) is the linker, ld.
$(DLLTOOL) is dlltool.
$(AS) is the assembler, as.
DLLNAME is the name of the DLL you want to create, e.g., tcl80.dll.
OBJS is the list of object files you want to put into the DLL.
LIBS is the list of libraries you want to link the DLL against. For
example, you may or may not want -lcygwin. You may want -lkernel32.
Tcl links against -lcygwin -ladvapi32 -luser32 -lgdi32 -lcomdlg32
-lkernel32.
DEFFILE is the name of your definitions file. A simple DEFFILE would
consist of ``EXPORTS'' followed by a list of all symbols which should
be exported from the DLL. Each symbol should be on a line by itself.
Other programs will only be able to access the listed symbols.
BASEFILE is a temporary file that is used during this five stage
process, e.g., tcl.base.
EXPFILE is another temporary file, e.g., tcl.exp.
ENTRY is the name of the function which you want to use as the entry
point. This function should be defined using the WINAPI attribute,
and should take three arguments:
int WINAPI startup (HINSTANCE, DWORD, LPVOID)
This means that the actual symbol name will have an appended @@12, so if
your entry point really is named @samp{startup}, the string you should
use for ENTRY in the above examples would be @samp{startup@@12}.
If your DLL calls any Cygwin API functions, the entry function will need
to initialize the Cygwin impure pointer. You can do that by declaring
a global variable @samp{_impure_ptr}, and then initializing it in the
entry function. Be careful not to export the global variable
@samp{_impure_ptr} from your DLL; that is, do not put it in DEFFILE.
@example
/* This is a global variable. */
struct _reent *_impure_ptr;
extern struct _reent *__imp_reent_data;
int entry (HINSTANT hinst, DWORD reason, LPVOID reserved)
@{
_impure_ptr = __imp_reent_data;
/* Whatever else you want to do. */
@}
@end example
You may put an optional `--subsystem windows' on the $(LD) lines. The
Tcl build does this, but I admit that I no longer remember whether
this is important. Note that if you specify a --subsytem <x> flag to ld,
the -e entry must come after the subsystem flag, since the subsystem flag
sets a different default entry point.
You may put an optional `--image-base BASEADDR' on the $(LD) lines.
This will set the default image base. Programs using this DLL will
start up a bit faster if each DLL occupies a different portion of the
address space. Each DLL starts at the image base, and continues for
whatever size it occupies.
Now that you've built your DLL, you may want to build a library so
that other programs can link against it. This is not required: you
could always use the DLL via LoadLibrary. However, if you want to be
able to link directly against the DLL, you need to create a library.
Do that like this:
$(DLLTOOL) --as=$(AS) --dllname DLLNAME --def DEFFILE --output-lib LIBFILE
$(DLLTOOL), $(AS), DLLNAME, and DEFFILE are the same as above. Make
sure you use the same DLLNAME and DEFFILE, or things won't work right.
LIBFILE is the name of the library you want to create, e.g.,
libtcl80.a. You can then link against that library using something
like -ltcl80 in your linker command.
@subsection How can I debug what's going on?
You can debug your application using @code{gdb}. Make sure you
compile it with the -g flag! If your application calls functions in
MS DLLs, gdb will complain about not being able to load debug information
for them when you run your program. This is normal since these DLLs
don't contain debugging information (and even if they did, that debug
info would not be compatible with gdb).
@subsection Can I use a system trace mechanism instead?
Yes. You can use the @code{strace.exe} utility to run other cygwin
programs with various debug and trace messages enabled. For information
on using @code{strace}, see the Cygwin User's Guide or the file
@code{winsup/utils/utils.sgml}.
@subsection Why doesn't gdb handle signals?
Unfortunately, there is only minimal signal handling support in gdb
currently. Signal handling only works with Windows-type signals.
SIGINT may work, SIGFPE may work, SIGSEGV definitely does. You cannot
'stop', 'print' or 'nopass' signals like SIGUSR1 or SIGHUP to the
process being debugged.
@subsection The linker complains that it can't find something.
A common error is to put the library on the command line before
the thing that needs things from it.
This is wrong @code{gcc -lstdc++ hello.cc}.
This is right @code{gcc hello.cc -lstdc++}.
@subsection I use a function I know is in the API, but I still get a link error.
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
The function probably isn't declared in the header files, or
the UNICODE stuff for it isn't filled in.
@subsection Can you make DLLs that are linked against libc ?
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
Yes.
@subsection Where is malloc.h?
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
Include stdlib.h instead of malloc.h.
@subsection Can I use my own malloc?
If you define a function called @code{malloc} in your own code, and link
with the DLL, the DLL @emph{will} call your @code{malloc}. Needless to
say, you will run into serious problems if your malloc is buggy.
If you run any programs from the DOS command prompt, rather than from in
bash, the DLL will try and expand the wildcards on the command line.
This process uses @code{malloc} @emph{before} your main line is started.
If you have written your own @code{malloc} to need some initialization
to occur after @code{main} is called, then this will surely break.
Moreover, there is an outstanding issue with @code{_malloc_r} in
@code{newlib}. This re-entrant version of @code{malloc} will be called
directly from within @code{newlib}, by-passing your custom version, and
is probably incompatible with it. But it may not be possible to replace
@code{_malloc_r} too, because @code{cygwin1.dll} does not export it and
Cygwin does not expect your program to replace it. This is really a
newlib issue, but we are open to suggestions on how to deal with it.
@subsection Can I mix objects compiled with msvc++ and gcc?
Yes, but only if you are combining C object files. MSVC C++ uses a
different mangling scheme than GNU C++, so you will have difficulties
combining C++ objects.
@subsection Can I use the gdb debugger to debug programs built by VC++?
No, not for full (high level source language) debugging.
The Microsoft compilers generate a different type of debugging
symbol information, which gdb does not understand.
However, the low-level (assembly-type) symbols generated by
Microsoft compilers are coff, which gdb DOES understand.
Therefore you should at least be able to see all of your
global symbols; you just won't have any information about
data types, line numbers, local variables etc.
@subsection Where can I find info on x86 assembly?
CPU reference manuals for Intel's current chips are available in
downloadable PDF form on Intel's web site:
@file{http://developer.intel.com/design/pro/manuals/}
@subsection Shell scripts aren't running properly from my makefiles?
If your scripts are in the current directory, you must have @samp{.}
(dot) in your $PATH. (It is not normally there by default.) Otherwise,
you would need to add /bin/sh in front of each and every shell script
invoked in your Makefiles.
@subsection What preprocessor do I need to know about?
We use _WIN32 to signify access to the Win32 API and __CYGWIN__ for
access to the Cygwin environment provided by the dll.
We chose _WIN32 because this is what Microsoft defines in VC++ and
we thought it would be a good idea for compatibility with VC++ code
to follow their example. We use _MFC_VER to indicate code that should
be compiled with VC++.
_WIN32 is only defined when you use either the -mno-cygwin or -mwin32
gcc command line options. This is because Cygwin is supposed to be a
Unix emulation environment and defining _WIN32 confuses some programs
which think that they have to make special concessions for a Windows
environment which Cygwin handles automatically.
Note that using -mno-cygwin replaces __CYGWIN__ with __MINGW32__ as to
tell which compiler (or settings) you're running.
Check this out in detail by running, for example
@example
$ gcc -dM -E -xc /dev/null >gcc.txt
$ gcc -mno-cygwin -dM -E -xc /dev/null >gcc-mno-cygwin.txt
$ gcc -mwin32 -dM -E -xc /dev/null >gcc-mwin32.txt
@end example
Then use the diff and grep utilities to check
what the difference is.
@subsection How should I port my Unix GUI to Windows?
There are two basic strategies for porting Unix GUIs to Windows.
The first is to use a portable graphics library such as tcl/tk, X11, or
V (and others?). Typically, you will end up with a GUI on Windows that
requires some runtime support. With tcl/tk, you'll want to include the
necessary library files and the tcl/tk DLLs. In the case of X11, you'll
need everyone using your program to have an X11 server installed.
The second method is to rewrite your GUI using Win32 API calls (or MFC
with VC++). If your program is written in a fairly modular fashion, you
may still want to use Cygwin if your program contains a lot of shared
(non-GUI-related) code. That way you still gain some of the portability
advantages inherent in using Cygwin.
@subsection Why not use DJGPP ?
DJGPP is a similar idea, but for DOS instead of Win32. DJGPP uses a
"DOS extender" to provide a more reasonable operating interface for its
applications. The Cygwin toolset doesn't have to do this since all of
the applications are native WIN32. Applications compiled with the
Cygwin tools can access the Win32 API functions, so you can write
programs which use the Windows GUI.
You can get more info on DJGPP by following
@file{http://www.delorie.com/}.

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@section Where can I get more information?
@subsection Where's the documentation?
If you have installed Cygwin, you can find lots of documentation in
@samp{/usr/share/doc/}. Many packages ship with standard documentation,
which you can find in @samp{/usr/share/doc/@emph{package_name}} or by
using the @code{man} or @code{info} tools. (Hint: use @code{cygcheck
-l @emph{package_name}} to list what man pages the package includes.)
In addition, some packages have Cygwin specific instructions in a file
@samp{/usr/share/doc/Cygwin/@emph{package_name}.README}. Some older
packages still keep their documentation in @samp{/usr/doc/} instead of
@samp{/usr/share/doc/}.
There are links to quite a lot of documentation on the main Cygwin
project web page, @file{http://cygwin.com/}, including this FAQ. Be
sure to at least read any 'Release Notes' or 'Readme' or 'read this'
links on the main web page, if there are any.
There is a comprehensive Cygwin User's Guide at
@file{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/cygwin-ug-net.html}
and an API Reference at
@file{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-api/cygwin-api.html}.
You can find documentation for the individual GNU tools at
@file{http://www.fsf.org/manual/}. (You should read GNU manuals from a
local mirror, check @file{http://www.fsf.org/server/list-mirrors.html}
for a list of them.)
@subsection What Cygwin mailing lists can I join?
Comprehensive information about the Cygwin mailing lists can be found at
@file{http://cygwin.com/lists.html}.
To subscribe to the main list, send a message to
cygwin-subscribe@@cygwin.com. To unsubscribe from the
main list, send a message to cygwin-unsubscribe@@cygwin.com.
In both cases, the subject and body of the message are ignored.
Similarly, to subscribe to the Cygwin announcements list, send a message
to cygwin-announce-subscribe@@cygwin.com. To unsubscribe,
send a message to cygwin-announce-unsubscribe@@cygwin.com.
If you want to contribe to Cygwin tools & applications, rather than
the library itself, then you should subscribe to cygwin-apps. There
is also a low-volume list called cygwin-developers which is reserved
for knowledgeable people who regularly contribute to the Cygwin DLL.
Please do not ask for read-only access to this mailing list. Both
cygwin-developers and cygwin-apps are by-approval lists. The same
mechanism as described for the first two lists works for these as
well.
There is a searchable archive of the main mailing list at
@file{http://cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/}. There is an alternate
archive, also searchable, at @file{http://www.delorie.com/archives/}.
You can also search at @file{http://www.google.com/} and include
"cygwin" in the list of search terms.
Cygwin mailing lists are not gatewayed to USENET, so anti-spam measures
in your email address are neither required nor appreciated. Also, avoid
sending HTML content to Cygwin mailing lists.
@subsection Posting Guidelines (Or: Why won't you/the mailing list answer my questions?)
If you follow these guidelines, you are much more likely to get a
helpful response from the Cygwin developers and/or the Cygwin community at
large:
@itemize @bullet
@item Read the User's Guide and the FAQ first.
@item Check the mailing list archives. Your topic may have come up
before. (It may even have been answered!) Use the search facilities
at the links above. Try the alternate site if the main archive is not
producing search results.
@item Explain your problem carefully and completely. "I installed Blah
and it doesn't work!" wastes everybody's time. It provides no
information for anyone to help you with your problem. You should
provide:
@itemize @bullet
@item A problem statement: How does it behave, how do you think it
should behave, and what makes you think it's broken? (Oh yeah, and what
is @emph{"it"}?)
@item Information about your Windows OS ("Win95 OSR2" or "NT4/SP3" or
"Win2K" or "Win98 SE" or ...).
@item Details about your installation process, or attempts at same. (Internet or
Directory install? If the former, exactly when and from what mirror?
If the latter, which packages did you download? Which version of
setup.exe? Any subsequent updates?)
@item Details about your Cygwin setup, accomplished by @emph{attaching}
the output of 'cygcheck -s -v -r' to your message. (Do not paste the
output into your message.)
@item A valid return address, so that a reply doesn't require manual editing of
the 'To:' header.
@end itemize
@item Your message must be relevant to the list. Messages that are
@emph{not} directly related to Cygwin are considered off-topic and are
unwelcome. For example, the following are off-topic:
@itemize @bullet
@item General programming language questions
@item General Windows programming questions
@item General UNIX shell programming questions
@item General application usage questions
@item How to make millions by working at home
@item Announcements from LaserJet toner cartridge suppliers
@end itemize
@item Read and obey ``How To Ask Questions The Smart Way'' by Eric
S. Raymond, at @file{http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html}.
@end itemize
If you do not follow the above guidelines, you may still elicit a
response, but you may not appreciate it!
For inquiries about support contracts and commercial licensing, visit
@file{http://www.redhat.com/software/cygwin/}.
Beyond that, perhaps nobody has time to answer your question. Perhaps
nobody knows the answer.

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@section Using Cygwin
@subsection Why can't my application locate cygncurses5.dll? or cygintl.dll? or cygreadline5.dll? or ...?
If you upgraded recently, and suddenly vim (or some other Cygwin
application) cannot find @code{cygncurses5.dll}, it means that you did
not follow these instructions properly:
@file{http://cygwin.com/ml/cygwin-announce/2001/msg00124.html}. To
repair the damage, you must run Cygwin Setup again, and re-install the
@samp{libncurses5} package.
Note that Cygwin Setup won't show this option by default. In the
``Select packages to install'' dialog, click on the @samp{Full/Part}
button. This lists all packages, even those that are already
installed. Scroll down to locate the @samp{libncurses5} package.
Click on the ``cycle'' glyph until it says ``Reinstall''. Continue
with the installation.
Similarly, if something cannot find @code{cygintl.dll}, then run
Cygwin Setup and re-install the @samp{libintl} and @samp{libintl1}
packages.
For a detailed explanation of the general problem, and how to extend
it to other missing DLLs (like cygreadline5.dll) and identify their
containing packages, see
@file{http://cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2002-01/msg01619.html}.
@subsection Why is Cygwin suddenly @emph{so} slow?
If you recently upgraded and suddenly @emph{every} command takes a
@emph{very} long time, then something is probably attempting to
access a network share. You may have the obsolete @code{//c}
notation in your PATH or startup files. This now means the
@emph{network share} @code{c}, which will slow things down
tremendously if it does not exist.
Using //c (for C:) doesn't work anymore. (Similarly for any drive
letter, e.g. @code{//z} for @code{Z:}) This ``feature'' has long been
deprecated, and no longer works at all in the latest release. As of
release 1.3.3, @code{//c} now means the @emph{network share} @code{c}.
For a detailed discussion of why this change was made, and how deal
with it now, refer to
@file{http://sources.redhat.com/ml/cygwin/2001-09/msg00014.html}.
@subsection Why don't my services work (or access network shares)?
Most Windows services run as a special user called @samp{SYSTEM}. If you
installed Cygwin for "Just Me", the @samp{SYSTEM} user won't see your
Cygwin mount table. You need to re-mount all of your mounts as
"system" for services to work. You can re-run @samp{setup.exe} and
select "Install for All Users", or this script will do the trick:
@example
eval "`mount -m | sed -e 's/ -u / -s /g' -e 's/$/;/'`"
@end example
The @samp{SYSTEM} user cannot access network shares that require
authentication. For more information, see
@file{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/ntsec.html}.
Workarounds include using public network share that does not require
authentication (for non-critical files), or running the service as
your own user with @samp{cygrunsrv -u} (see
@samp{/usr/share/doc/Cygwin/cygrunsrv.README} for more information).
@subsection How should I set my PATH?
This is done for you in the file /etc/profile, which is sourced by bash
when you start it from the Desktop or Start Menu shortcut, created by
@code{setup.exe}. The line is
@example
PATH="/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:$PATH"
@end example
Effectively, this @strong{prepends} /usr/local/bin and /usr/bin to your
Windows system path. If you choose to reset your PATH, say in
$HOME/.bashrc, or by editing etc/profile directly, then you should
follow this rule. You @strong{must} have @code{/usr/bin} in your PATH
@strong{before} any Windows system directories. (And you must not omit
the Windows system directories!) Otherwise you will likely encounter
all sorts of problems running Cygwin applications.
@subsection Bash says "command not found", but it's right there!
If you compile a program, you might find that you can't run it:
@example
bash$ gcc -o hello hello.c
bash$ hello
bash: hello: command not found
@end example
Unlike Windows, bash does not look for programs in @samp{.} (the current
directory) by default. You can add @samp{.} to your PATH (see above),
but this is not recommended (at least on UNIX) for security reasons.
Just tell bash where to find it, when you type it on the command line:
@example
bash$ gcc -o hello hello.c
bash$ ./hello
Hello World!
@end example
@subsection How do I convert between Windows and UNIX paths?
Use the 'cygpath' utility. Type '@code{cygpath --help}' for
information. For example (on my installation):
@example
bash$ cygpath --windows ~/.bashrc
D:\starksb\.bashrc
bash$ cygpath --unix C:/cygwin/bin/cygwin.bat
/usr/bin/cygwin.bat
bash$ cygpath --unix C:\\cygwin\\bin\\cygwin.bat
/usr/bin/cygwin.bat
@end example
Note that bash interprets the backslash '\' as an escape character, so
you must type it twice in the bash shell if you want it to be recognized
as such.
@subsection Why doesn't bash read my .bashrc file on startup?
Your .bashrc is read from your home directory specified by the HOME
environment variable. It uses /.bashrc if HOME is not set. So you need
to set HOME correctly, or move your .bashrc to the top of the drive
mounted as / in Cygwin.
@subsection How can I get bash filename completion to be case insensitive?
Add the following to your @code{~/.bashrc} file:
@example
shopt -s nocaseglob
@end example
and add the following to your @code{~/.inputrc} file:
@example
set completion-ignore-case on
@end example
@subsection Can I use paths/filenames containing spaces in them?
Cygwin does support spaces in filenames and paths. That said, some
utilities that use the library may not, since files don't typically
contain spaces in Unix. If you stumble into problems with this, you
will need to either fix the utilities or stop using spaces in filenames
used by Cygwin tools.
In particular, bash interprets space as a word separator. You would have
to quote a filename containing spaces, or escape the space character.
For example:
@example
bash-2.03$ cd '/cygdrive/c/Program Files'
@end example
or
@example
bash-2.03$ cd /cygdrive/c/Program\ Files
@end example
@subsection Why can't I cd into a shortcut to a directory?
Cygwin versions < 1.3.0 do not follow MS Windows Explorer Shortcuts
(*.lnk files). It sees a shortcut as a regular file and this you
cannot "cd" into it.
Since version 1.3.0, Cygwin uses shortcuts as symlinks by default.
Cygwin shortcuts are different from shortcuts created by native Windows
applications. Windows applications can usually make use of Cygwin
shortcuts but not vice versa. This is by choice. The reason is that
Windows shortcuts may contain a bunch of extra information which would
get lost, if, for example, Cygwin tar archives and extracts them as
symlinks.
Changing a Cygwin shortcut in Windows Explorer usually changes a Cygwin
shortcut into a Windows native shortcut. Afterwards, Cygwin will not
recognize it as symlink anymore.
@subsection I'm having basic problems with find. Why?
Make sure you are using the find that came with Cygwin and that you
aren't picking up the Win32 find command instead. You can verify that
you are getting the right one by doing a "type find" in bash.
If the path argument to find, including current directory (default), is
itself a symbolic link, then find will not traverse it unless you
specify the @samp{-follow} option. This behavior is different than most
other UNIX implementations, but is not likely to change.
If find does not seem to be producing enough results, or seems to be
missing out some directories, you may be experiencing a problem with one
of find's optimisations. The absence of @samp{.} and @samp{..}
directories on some filesystems, such as DVD-R UDF, can confuse find.
See the documentation for the option @samp{-noleaf} in the man page.
@subsection Why doesn't @samp{su} work?
The @samp{su} command has been in and out of Cygwin distributions, but
it has not been ported to Cygwin and has never worked. It is
currently installed as part of the sh-utils, but again, it does not work.
You may be able to use @samp{login} instead, but you should read
@file{http://www.cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2001-03/msg00337.html} first.
For some technical background into why @samp{su} doesn't work, read
@file{http://www.cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2003-06/msg00897.html} and
related messages.
@subsection Why doesn't man (or apropos) work?
Even after installing the @samp{man} package, you get an error like this:
@example
bash-2.04$ man man
Error executing formatting or display command.
System command (cd /usr/man ; (echo -e ".pl 1100i"; cat /usr/man/man1/man.1; echo ".pl \n(nlu+10") | /usr/bin/tbl | /usr/bin/groff -Tascii -mandoc | less -is) exited with status 32512.
No manual entry for man
@end example
You also need /bin/sh, which is found in the @samp{ash} package.
You must install this too.
In addition, before you can use @samp{man -k} or @samp{apropos}, you
must create the whatis database. Just run the command
@example
/usr/sbin/makewhatis
@end example
(it may take a minute to complete).
@subsection Why doesn't chmod work?
@samp{ntsec} will allow UNIX permissions in Windows NT on NTFS file
systems. This is on by default (a recent change).
@samp{ntea} works on NTFS @emph{and} FAT but it creates a huge,
@strong{undeletable} file on FAT filesystems.
(The @samp{ntsec} and @samp{ntea} settings are values for the
@samp{CYGWIN} environment variable. See the Cygwin User's Guide at
@file{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/cygwin-ug-net.html} for more
information on this variable and its settings.)
There is no solution at all for Windows 9x.
If you have an application that requires a certain permission mode on a
file, you may be able to work around this requirement by modifying the
application's source code. For a hint, based on work done by Corinna
Vinschen for OpenSSH, see this message from the cygwin mailing list:
@file{http://cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2000-11/msg01176.html}.
@subsection Why doesn't @samp{mkdir -p} work on a network share?
Starting with @samp{coreutils-5.3.0-6} and @samp{cygwin-1.5.17}, you can
do something like this:
@example
bash$ mkdir -p //MACHINE/Share/path/to/new/dir
@end example
However, coreutils expects Unix path names, so something like
@samp{mkdir -p \\\\machine\\share\\path} will fail.
@subsection Why doesn't my shell script work?
There are two basic problems you might run into. One is the fact that
/bin/sh is really ash, and is missing some features you might expect
in /bin/sh, particularly if you are used to /bin/sh actually being
bash (Linux) or ksh (Tru64). For example:
@itemize bullet
@item No `~' expansion (use $HOME instead)
@item No job control
@item No getopts
@item No let
@item No functions exported
@item Must use `.' instead of `source' (true of sh and ksh too, not just ash)
@end itemize
Or, it could be a permission problem, and Cygwin doesn't understand that
your script is executable. Because @samp{chmod} may not work (see FAQ
entry above), Cygwin must read the contents of files to determine if
they are executable. If your script does not start with
@example
#! /bin/sh
@end example
(or any path to a script interpreter, it does not have to be /bin/sh)
then Cygwin will not know it is an executable script. The Bourne shell
idiom
@example
:
# This is the 2nd line, assume processing by /bin/sh
@end example
also works.
Note that you can use @samp{mount -x} to force Cygwin to treat all files
under the mount point as executable. This can be used for individual
files as well as directories. Then Cygwin will not bother to read files
to determine whether they are executable.
@subsection How do I print under Cygwin?
There is no working lp or lpr system as you would find on UNIX.
Jason Tishler has written a couple of messages that explain how to use
a2ps (for nicely formatted text in PostScript) and ghostscript (to print
PostScript files on non-PostScript Windows printers). Start at
@file{http://cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2001-04/msg00657.html}. Note that the
@samp{file} command is now available as part of Cygwin setup.
Alternatively, on NT, you can use the Windows @samp{print} command. (It
does not seem to be available on Win9x.) Type
@example
bash$ print /\?
@end example
for usage instructions (note the @samp{?} must be escaped from the
shell).
Finally, you can simply @samp{cat} the file to the printer's share name:
@example
bash$ cat myfile > //host/printer
@end example
You may need to press the formfeed button on your printer or append the
formfeed character to your file.
@subsection Why don't international (Unicode) characters work?
Internationalization is a complex issue. The short answer is that
Cygwin is not Unicode-aware, so things that might work in Linux will
not necessarily work on Cygwin. However, some things do work. To type
international characters (£åäö) in @code{bash}, add the following
lines to your @code{~/.inputrc} file and restart @code{bash}:
@example
set meta-flag on
set convert-meta off
set output-meta on
set input-meta on
set kanji-code sjis
set meta-flag on
@end example
These are options to the @code{readline} library, which you can read
about in the @code{bash(1)} and @code{readline(3)} man pages. Other
tools that do not use @code{readline} for display, such as @code{less}
and @code{ls}, require additional settings, which could be put in your
@code{~/.bashrc}:
@example
alias less='/bin/less -r'
alias ls='/bin/ls -F --color=tty --show-control-chars'
export LANG="ja_JP.SJIS"
export OUTPUT_CHARSET="sjis"
@end example
These examples use the Japanese Shift-JIS character set, obviously
you will want to change them for your own locale.
@subsection Why don't cursor keys work under Win95/Win98?
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
Careful examination shows that they not just non-functional, but
rather behave strangely, for example, with NumLock off, keys on numeric
keyboard work, until you press usual cursor keys, when even numeric
stop working, but they start working again after hitting alphanumeric
key, etc. This reported to happen on localized versions of Win98 and
Win95, and not specific to Cygwin; there are known cases of Alt+Enter
(fullscreen/windowed toggle) not working and shifts sticking with
other programs. The cause of this problem is Microsoft keyboard
localizer which by default installed in 'autoexec.bat'. Corresponding
line looks like:
@example
keyb ru,,C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\keybrd3.sys
@end example
(That's for russian locale.) You should comment that line if you want
your keys working properly. Of course, this will deprive you of your
local alphabet keyboard support, so you should think about
another localizer. ex-USSR users are of course knowledgeable of Keyrus
localizer, and it might work for other locales too, since it has keyboard
layout editor. But it has russian messages and documentation ;-(
Reference URL is http://www.hnet.ru/software/contrib/Utils/KeyRus/
(note the you may need to turn off Windows logo for Keyrus to operate
properly).
@subsection Is it OK to have multiple copies of the DLL?
You should only have one copy of the Cygwin DLL on your system. If you
have multiple versions, they will conflict and cause problems.
If you get the error "shared region is corrupted" or "shared region
version mismatch" it means you have multiple versions of cygwin1.dll
running at the same time. This could happen, for example, if you update
cygwin1.dll without exiting @emph{all} Cygwin apps (including inetd)
beforehand.
The only DLL that is sanctioned by the Cygwin project is the one that
you get by running @file{http://cygwin.com/setup.exe}, installed in the
directory controlled by this program. If you have other versions on
your system and desire help from the cygwin project, you should delete
or rename all DLLs that are not installed by @file{setup.exe}.
If you're trying to find multiple versions of the DLL that are causing
this problem, reboot first, in case DLLs still loaded in memory are the
cause. Then use the Windows System find utility to search your whole
machine, not just components in your PATH (as 'type' would do) or
cygwin-mounted filesystems (as Cygwin 'find' would do).
@subsection Why isn't package XYZ available in Cygwin?
Probably because there is nobody willing or able to maintain it. It
takes time, and the priority for the Cygwin Team is the Cygwin package.
The rest is a volunteer effort. Want to contribute? See
@file{http://cygwin.com/setup.html}.
@subsection Why is the Cygwin package of XYZ so out of date?
(Also: Why is the version of package XYZ older than the version that I
can download from the XYZ web site? Why is the version of package XYZ
older than the version that I installed on my linux system? Is there
something special about Cygwin which requires that only an older version
of package XYZ will work on it?)
Every package in the Cygwin distribution has a maintainer who is
responsible for sending out updates of the package. This person is a
volunteer who is rarely the same person as the official developer of the
package. If you notice that a version of a package seems to be out of
date, the reason is usually pretty simple -- the person who is
maintaining the package hasn't gotten around to updating it yet. Rarely,
the newer package actually requires complex changes that the maintainer
is working out.
If you urgently need an update, sending a polite message to the cygwin
mailing list pinging the maintainer is perfectly acceptable. There are
no guarantees that the maintainer will have time to update the package
or that you'll receive a response to your request, however.
Remeber that the operative term here is "volunteer".
@subsection How can I access other drives?
You have some flexibility here.
Cygwin has a builtin "cygdrive prefix" for drives that are not mounted.
You can access any drive, say Z:, as '/cygdrive/z/'.
In some applications (notably bash), you can use the familiar windows
<drive>:/path/, using posix forward-slashes ('/') instead of Windows
backward-slashes ('\'). (But see the warning below!) This maps in the
obvious way to the Windows path, but will be converted internally to use
the Cygwin path, following mounts (default or explicit). For example:
@example
bash$ cd C:/Windows
bash$ pwd
/cygdrive/c/Windows
@end example
and
@example
bash$ cd C:/cygwin
bash$ pwd
/
@end example
for a default setup. You could also use backward-slashes in the
Windows path, but these would have to be escaped from the shell.
@strong{Warning:} There is some ambiguity in going from a Windows path
to the posix path, because different posix paths, through different
mount points, could map to the same Windows directory. This matters
because different mount points may be binmode or textmode, so the
behavior of Cygwin apps will vary depending on the posix path used to
get there.
You can avoid the ambiguity of Windows paths, and avoid typing
"/cygdrive", by explicitly mounting drives to posix paths. For example:
@example
bash$ mkdir /c
bash$ mount c:/ /c
bash$ ls /c
@end example
Then @samp{/cygdrive/c/Windows} becomes @samp{/c/Windows} which is a
little less typing.
Note that you only need to mount drives once. The mapping is kept
in the registry so mounts stay valid pretty much indefinitely.
You can only get rid of them with umount, or the registry editor.
The '-b' option to mount mounts the mountpoint in binary mode
("binmode") where text and binary files are treated equivalently. This
should only be necessary for badly ported Unix programs where binary
flags are missing from open calls. It is also the setting for /,
/usr/bin and /usr/lib in a default Cygwin installation. The default for
new mounts is text mode ("textmode"), which is also the mode for all
"cygdrive" mounts.
You can change the default @samp{cygdrive} prefix and whether it is
binmode or textmode using the @code{mount} command. For example,
@example
bash$ mount -b --change-cygdrive-prefix cygdrive
@end example
will change all @code{/cygdrive/...} mounts to binmode.
@subsection How can I copy and paste into Cygwin console windows?
First, consider using rxvt instead of the standard console window. In
rxvt, selecting with the left-mouse also copies, and middle-mouse
pastes. It couldn't be easier!
Under Windows NT, open the properties dialog of the console window.
The options contain a toggle button, named "Quick edit mode". It must
be ON. Save the properties.
Under Windows 9x, open the properties dialog of the console window.
Select the Misc tab. Uncheck Fast Pasting. Check QuickEdit.
You can also bind the insert key to paste from the clipboard by adding
the following line to your .inputrc file:
@example
"\e[2~": paste-from-clipboard
@end example
@subsection What firewall should I use with Cygwin?
We have had good reports about Kerio Personal Firewall, ZoneLabs
Integrity Desktop, and the built-in firewall in Windows XP. Other
well-known products including ZoneAlarm and Norton Internet Security have
caused problems for some users but work fine for others. At last report,
Agnitum Outpost did not work with Cygwin. If you are having strange
connection-related problems, disabling the firewall is a good
troubleshooting step (as is closing or disabling all other running
applications, especially resource-intensive processes such as indexed
search).
On the whole, Cygwin doesn't care which firewall is used. The few rare
exceptions have to do with socket code.
Cygwin uses sockets to implement many of its functions, such as IPC.
Some overzealous firewalls install themselves deeply into the winsock
stack (with the 'layered service provider' API) and install hooks
throughout. Sadly the mailing list archives are littered with examples
of poorly written firewall-type software that causes things to break.
Note that with many of these products, simply disabling the firewall
does not remove these changes; it must be completely uninstalled.
@subsection How can I share files between Unix and Windows?
During development, we have both Linux boxes running Samba and Windows
machines. We often build with cross-compilers under Linux and copy
binaries and source to the Windows system or just toy with them
directly off the Samba-mounted partition. On dual-boot NT/Windows 9x
machines, we usually use the FAT filesystem so we can also access the
files under Windows 9x.
@subsection Is Cygwin case-sensitive? What are managed mounts?
Several Unix programs expect to be able to use to filenames
spelled the same way, but with different case. A prime example
of this is perl's configuration script, which wants @code{Makefile} and
@code{makefile}. WIN32 can't tell the difference between files with
just different case, so the configuration fails.
To help with this problem, starting in @samp{cygwin-1.5.0} it is
possible to have a case sensitive Cygwin managed mount. This is an
experimental feature and should be used with caution. You should only
use it for directories that are initially unpopulated and are due to
be completely managed by cygwin (hence the name). So, the best use
would be to create an empty directory, mount it, and then add files to
it:
@example
mkdir /managed-dir
mount -o managed c:/cygwin/managed-dir /managed-dir
cd /managed-dir/
touch makefile
touch Makefile
@end example
@subsection What about DOS special filenames?
Files cannot be named com1, lpt1, or aux (to name a few); either as
the root filename or as the extension part. If you do, you'll have
trouble. Unix programs don't avoid these names which can make things
interesting. E.g., the perl distribution has a file called
@code{aux.sh}. The perl configuration tries to make sure that
@code{aux.sh} is there, but an operation on a file with the magic
letters 'aux' in it will hang.
@subsection When it hangs, how do I get it back?
If something goes wrong and the tools hang on you for some reason (easy
to do if you try and read a file called aux.sh), first try hitting ^C to
return to bash or the cmd prompt.
If you start up another shell, and applications don't run, it's a good
bet that the hung process is still running somewhere. Use the Task
Manager, pview, or a similar utility to kill the process.
And, if all else fails, there's always the reset button/power switch.
This should never be necessary under Windows NT.
@subsection Why the weird directory structure?
Why do /lib and /usr/lib (and /bin, /usr/bin) point to the same thing?
Why use mounts instead of symbolic links?
Can I use a disk root (e.g., C:\) as Cygwin root? Why is this discouraged?
After a new installation in the default location, your mount points will
look something like this:
@example
bash$ mount
C:\cygwin\bin on /usr/bin type system (binmode)
C:\cygwin\lib on /usr/lib type system (binmode)
C:\cygwin on / type system (binmode)
@end example
(Exactly what you see depends on what options you gave to @code{setup.exe}.)
Note that /bin and /usr/bin point to the same location, as do /lib and
/usr/lib. This is intentional, and you should not undo these mounts
unless you @emph{really} know what you are doing.
Various applications and packages may expect to be installed in /lib or
/usr/lib (similarly /bin or /usr/bin). Rather than distinguish between
them and try to keep track of them (possibly requiring the occasional
duplication or symbolic link), it was decided to maintain only one
actual directory, with equivalent ways to access it.
Symbolic links had been considered for this purpose, but were dismissed
because they do not always work on Samba drives. Also, mounts are
faster to process because no disk access is required to resolve them.
Note that non-cygwin applications will not observe Cygwin mounts (or
symlinks for that matter). For example, if you use WinZip to unpack the
tar distribution of a Cygwin package, it may not get installed to the
correct Cygwin path. @emph{So don't do this!}
It is strongly recommended not to make the Cygwin root directory the
same as your drive's root directory, unless you know what you are doing
and are prepared to deal with the consequences. It is generally easier
to maintain the Cygwin hierarchy if it is isolated from, say, C:\. For
one thing, you avoid possible collisions with other (non-cygwin)
applications that may create (for example) \bin and \lib directories.
(Maybe you have nothing like that installed now, but who knows about
things you might add in the future?)
@subsection How do anti-virus programs like Cygwin?
Users have reported that NAI (formerly McAfee) VirusScan for NT (and
others?) is incompatible with Cygwin. This is because it tries to scan
the newly loaded shared memory in cygwin1.dll, which can cause fork() to
fail, wreaking havoc on many of the tools. (It is not confirmed that
this is still a problem, however.)
There have been several reports of NAI VirusScan causing the system to
hang when unpacking tar.gz archives. This is surely a bug in VirusScan,
and should be reported to NAI. The only workaround is to disable
VirusScan when accessing these files. This can be an issue during
setup, and is discussed in that FAQ entry.
Some users report a significant performance hit using Cygwin when their
anti-virus software is enabled. Rather than disable the anti-virus
software completely, it may be possible to specify directories whose
contents are exempt from scanning. In a default installation, this
would be @samp{@code{C:\cygwin\bin}}. Obviously, this could be
exploited by a hostile non-Cygwin program, so do this at your own risk.
@subsection Is there a Cygwin port of GNU Emacs?
Yes! It uses the X11 (@file{http://cygwin.com/xfree/}) Windows
interface. From a remote login shell, this ``emacs -nw'' works fine.
There is also a non-X11 version which just provides the text-only
terminal interface. Use Cygwin Setup to install either one (or both).
@subsection What about NT Emacs?
If you want GNU Emacs with a native Microsoft Windows interface, but
without X, then you must use the native Windows port, commonly known
as ``NT Emacs''. You get NT Emacs from any GNU mirror. It is not
available from Cygwin Setup.
NT Emacs uses the Windows command shell by default. Since it is not a
Cygwin application, it has no knowledge of Cygwin mounts. With those
points in mind, you need to add the following code to your ~/.emacs
(or ~/_emacs) file in order to use Cygwin bash. This is particularly useful
for the JDEE package (@file{http://jdee.sunsite.dk/}). The following
settings are for Emacs 21.1:
@example
;; This assumes that Cygwin is installed in C:\cygwin (the
;; default) and that C:\cygwin\bin is not already in your
;; Windows Path (it generally should not be).
;;
(setq exec-path (cons "C:/cygwin/bin" exec-path))
(setenv "PATH" (concat "C:\\cygwin\\bin;" (getenv "PATH")))
;;
;; NT-emacs assumes a Windows command shell, which you change
;; here.
;;
(setq process-coding-system-alist '(("bash" . undecided-unix)))
(setq shell-file-name "bash")
(setenv "SHELL" shell-file-name)
(setq explicit-shell-file-name shell-file-name)
;;
;; This removes unsightly ^M characters that would otherwise
;; appear in the output of java applications.
;;
(add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions
'comint-strip-ctrl-m)
@end example
If you want NT Emacs to understand Cygwin paths, get
cygwin-mount.el from @file{http://www.emacswiki.org/elisp/index.html}.
Note that all of this ``just works'' if you use the Cygwin port of
Emacs from Cygwin Setup.
@subsection What about XEmacs?
For a concise description of the current situation with XEmacs, see
this message from the Cygwin mailing list:
@file{http://cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2002-11/msg00609.html}.
@subsection Is there a better alternative to the standard console window?
Yes! Use rxvt instead. It's an optional package in Cygwin Setup.
You can use it with or without X11. You can resize it easily by
dragging an edge or corner. Copy and paste is easy with the left and
middle mouse buttons, respectively. It will honor settings in your
~/.Xdefaults file, even without X.
Don't invoke as simply ``rxvt'' because that will run /bin/sh (really
ash) which is not a good interactive shell. For details see
@code{/usr/doc/Cygwin/rxvt-<ver>.README}.
@subsection info error "dir: No such file or directory"
Cygwin packages install their info documentation in the
@code{/usr/share/info} directory. But you need to create a @code{dir}
file there before the standalone info program (probably
@code{/usr/bin/info}) can be used to read those info files. This is how
you do it:
@example
bash$ cd /usr/share/info
bash$ for f in *.info ; do install-info $f dir ; done
@end example
This may generate warnings:
@example
install-info: warning: no info dir entry in `gzip.info'
install-info: warning: no info dir entry in `time.info'
@end example
The @code{install-info} command cannot parse these files, so you will
have to add their entries to @code{/usr/share/info/dir} by hand.
Even if the dir file already exists, you may have to update it when
you install new Cygwin packages. Some packages update the dir file
for you, but many don't.
@subsection Why do I get a message saying Out of Queue slots?
"Out of queue slots!" generally occurs when you're trying to remove
many files that you do not have permission to remove (either because
you don't have permission, they are opened exclusively, etc). What
happens is Cygwin queues up these files with the supposition that it
will be possible to delete these files in the future. Assuming that
the permission of an affected file does change later on, the file will
be deleted as requested. However, if too many requests come in to
delete inaccessible files, the queue overflows and you get the message
you're asking about. Usually you can remedy this with a quick chmod,
close of a file, or other such thing. (Thanks to Larry Hall for
this explanation).
@subsection Why don't symlinks work on samba-mounted filesystems?
Symlinks are marked with "system" file attribute. Samba does not
enable this attribute by default. To enable it, consult your Samba
documentation and then add these lines to your samba configuration
file:
@smallexample
map system = yes
create mask = 0775
@end smallexample
Note that the 0775 can be anything as long as the 0010 bit is set.
@subsection Why does df report sizes incorrectly.
There is a bug in the Win32 API function GetFreeDiskSpace that
makes it return incorrect values for disks larger than 2 GB in size.
Perhaps that may be your problem?
@subsection Why doesn't Cygwin tcl/tk understand Cygwin paths?
The versions of Tcl/Tk distributed with Cygwin (e.g. cygtclsh80.exe,
cygwish80.exe) are not actually "Cygwin versions" of those tools.
They are built with the @samp{-mno-cygwin} option to @code{gcc}, which
means they do not understand Cygwin mounts or symbolic links.
See the entry "How do I convert between Windows and UNIX paths?"
elsewhere in this FAQ.

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@chapter Question and Answers
@include how-resources.texinfo
@include how-using.texinfo
@include how-api.texinfo
@include how-programming.texinfo

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@chapter Installation Instructions
@section Contents
There is only one recommended way to install Cygwin, which is to use the GUI
installer ``Cygwin Setup''. It is flexible and easy to use.
You can pick and choose the packages you wish to install, and update
them individually. Full source code is available for all packages and
tools. More information on using Cygwin Setup may be found at
@file{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-net.html}.
If you do it any other way, you're on your own! That said, keep in mind
that the GUI installer is a "work in progress", so there might be a few
difficulties, especially if you are behind a firewall or have other
specific requirements. If something doesn't work right for you, and
it's not covered here or in the latest development snapshot at
@file{http://cygwin.com/setup/}, then by all means report it to the
mailing list.
For a searchable list of packages that can be installed with Cygwin,
see @file{http://cygwin.com/packages/}.
@section Installation using ``Cygwin Setup''
The Cygwin Setup program is the @emph{only} recommended way to install
Cygwin.
@subsection Why not install in C:\?
The Cygwin Setup program will prompt you for a "root" directory.
The default is @samp{C:\cygwin}, but you can change it. You are urged not to
choose something like @samp{C:\} (the root directory on the system drive) for
your Cygwin root. If you do, then critical Cygwin system directories
like @samp{etc}, @samp{lib} and @samp{bin} could easily be corrupted by
other (non-Cygwin) applications or packages that use @samp{\etc},
@samp{\lib} or @samp{\bin}. Perhaps there is no conflict now, but who
knows what you might install in the future? It's also just good common
sense to segregate your Cygwin "filesystems" from the rest of your
Windows system disk.
(In the past, there had been genuine bugs that would cause problems
for people who installed in @samp{C:\}, but we believe those are gone
now.)
@subsection Can I use Cygwin Setup to get old versions of packages (like gcc-2.95)?
Cygwin Setup can be used to install any packages that are on a
Cygwin mirror, which usually includes one version previous to the
current one. The complete list may be searched at
@file{http://cygwin.com/packages/}. There is no complete archive of
older packages. If you have a problem with the current version of
a Cygwin package, please report it to the mailing list using the
guidelines at @file{http://cygwin.com/problems.html}.
That said, if you really need an older package, you may be able to find
an outdated or archival mirror by searching the web for an old package
version (for example, @samp{gcc2-2.95.3-10-src.tar.bz2}), but keep in
mind that this older version will not be supported by the mailing list
and that installing the older version will not help improve Cygwin.
@subsection Is Cygwin Setup, or one of the packages, infected with a virus?
Unlikely. Unless you can confirm it, please don't report it to the
mailing list. Anti-virus products have been known to detect false
positives when extracting compressed tar archives. If this causes
problems for you, consider disabling your anti-virus software when
running @code{setup}. Read the next entry for a fairly safe way to do
this.
@subsection My computer hangs when I run Cygwin Setup!
Both Network Associates (formerly McAfee) and Norton anti-virus
products have been reported to "hang" when extracting Cygwin tar
archives. If this happens to you, consider disabling your anti-virus
software when running Cygwin Setup. The following procedure should be
a fairly safe way to do that:
@enumerate
@item Download @code{setup.exe} and scan it explicitly.
@item Turn off the anti-virus software.
@item Run setup to download and extract all the tar files.
@item Re-activate your anti-virus software and scan everything
in C:\cygwin (or wherever you chose to install), or your entire hard
disk if you are paranoid.
@end enumerate
This should be safe, but only if Cygwin Setup is not substituted by
something malicious, and no mirror has been compromised.
@subsection What packages should I download? Where are 'make', 'gcc', 'vi', etc?
When using Cygwin Setup for the first time, the default is to install
a minimal subset of packages. If you want anything beyond that, you
will have to select it explicitly. See
@file{http://cygwin.com/packages/} for a searchable list of available
packages.
If you want to build programs, of course you'll need @samp{gcc},
@samp{binutils}, @samp{make} and probably other packages from the
``Devel'' category. Text editors can be found under ``Editors''.
@subsection How do I just get everything?
Long ago, the default was to install everything, much to the
irritation of most users. Now the default is to install only a basic
core of packages. Cygwin Setup is designed to make it easy to browse
categories and select what you want to install or omit from those
categories. It's also easy to install everything:
@enumerate
@item At the ``Select Packages'' screen, in ``Categories'' view, at the line
marked ``All'', click on the word ``default'' so that it changes to
``install''. (Be patient, there is some computing to do at this step.
It may take a second or two to register the change.) This tells Setup
to install @emph{everything}, not just what it thinks you should have
by default.
@item Now click on the ``View'' button (twice) until you get the
``Partial'' view. This shows exactly which packages are about to be
downloaded and installed.
@end enumerate
This procedure only works for packages that are currently available.
There is no way to tell Cygwin Setup to install all packages by
default from now on. As new packages become available that would not
be installed by default, you have to repeat the above procedure to get
them.
In general, a better method (in my opinion), is to:
@enumerate
@item First download & install all packages that would normally be
installed by default. This includes fundamental packages and any
updates to what you have already installed. Then...
@item Run Cygwin Setup again, and apply the above technique to get all
new packages that would not be installed by default. You can check
the list in the Partial View before proceeding, in case there's
something you really @emph{don't} want.
@item In the latest version of Cygwin Setup, if you click the ``View''
button (twice) more, it shows packages not currently installed. You
ought to check whether you @emph{really} want to install everything!
@end enumerate
@subsection How much disk space does Cygwin require?
That depends, obviously, on what you've chosen to download and
install. A full installation today is probably larger than 800MB
installed, not including the package archives themselves nor the source
code.
After installation, the package archives remain in your ``Local
Package Directory'', by default the location of @code{setup.exe}. You
may conserve disk space by deleting the subdirectories there. These
directories will have very weird looking names, being encoded with
their URLs.
@subsection What if setup fails?
First, make sure that you are using the latest version of Cygwin
Setup. The latest version is always available from the 'Install
Cygwin now' link on the Cygwin Home Page at @file{http://cygwin.com/}.
If you are downloading from the Internet, setup will fail if it cannot
download the list of mirrors at
@file{http://cygwin.com/mirrors.html}. It could be that
the network is too busy. Something similar could be the cause of a
download site not working. Try another mirror, or try again later.
If setup refuses to download a package that you know needs to be
upgraded, try deleting that package's entry from /etc/setup. If you are
reacting quickly to an announcement on the mailing list, it could be
that the mirror you are using doesn't have the latest copy yet. Try
another mirror, or try again tomorrow.
If setup has otherwise behaved strangely, check the files
@samp{setup.log} and @samp{setup.log.full} in @code{/var/log}
(@code{C:\cygwin\var\log} by default). It may provide some clues as
to what went wrong and why.
If you're still baffled, search the Cygwin mailing list for clues.
Others may have the same problem, and a solution may be posted there.
If that search proves fruitless, send a query to the Cygwin mailing
list. You must provide complete details in your query: version of
setup, options you selected, contents of setup.log and setup.log.full,
what happened that wasn't supposed to happen, etc.
@subsection My Windows logon name has a space in it, will this cause problems?
Most definitely yes! UNIX shells (and thus Cygwin) use the space
character as a word delimiter. Under certain circumstances, it is
possible to get around this with various shell quoting mechanisms, but
you are much better off if you can avoid the problem entirely.
On Windows NT/2000/XP you have two choices:
@enumerate
@item You can rename the user in the Windows User Manager GUI and then
run mkpasswd.
@item You can simply edit the /etc/passwd file and change the Cygwin user name
(first field). It's also a good idea to avoid spaces in the home directory.
@end enumerate
On Windows 95/98/ME you can create a new user and run mkpasswd,
or you can delete the offending entry from /etc/passwd.
Cygwin will then use the name in the default entry with uid 500.
@subsection My @samp{HOME} environment variable is not what I want.
When starting Cygwin from Windows, @samp{HOME} is determined as follows
in order of decreasing priority:
@enumerate
@item @samp{HOME} from the Windows environment, translated to POSIX form.
@item The entry in /etc/passwd
@item @samp{HOMEDRIVE} and @samp{HOMEPATH} from the Windows environment
@item /
@end enumerate
When using Cygwin from the network (telnet, ssh,...), @samp{HOME} is set
from /etc/passwd.
If your @samp{HOME} is set to a value such as /cygdrive/c, it is likely
that it was set in Windows. Start a DOS Command Window and type
"set HOME" to verify if this is the case.
Access to shared drives is often restricted when starting from the network,
thus Domain users may wish to have a different @samp{HOME} in the
Windows environment (on shared drive) than in /etc/passwd (on local drive).
Note that ssh only considers /etc/passwd, disregarding @samp{HOME}.
@subsection How do I uninstall individual packages?
Run Cygwin Setup as you would to install packages. In the list of
packages to install, browse the relevant category or click on the
``View'' button to get a full listing. Click on the cycle glyph until
the action reads ``Uninstall''. Proceed by clicking ``Next''.
@subsection How do I uninstall @strong{all} of Cygwin?
Setup has no automatic uninstall facility. The recommended method to remove all
of Cygwin is as follows:
@enumerate
@item Remove all Cygwin services. If a service is currently running, it must
first be stopped with @samp{cygrunsrv -E name}, where @samp{name}
is the name of the service. Then use @samp{cygrunsrv -R name} to uninstall the
service from the registry. Repeat this for all services that you installed.
Common services that might have been installed are @code{sshd}, @code{cron},
@code{cygserver}, @code{inetd}, @code{apache}, and so on.
@item Stop the X11 server if it is running, and terminate any Cygwin programs
that might be running in the background. Remove all mount information by typing
@samp{umount -A} and then exit the command prompt and ensure that no Cygwin
processes remain. Note: If you want to save your mount points for a later
reinstall, first save the output of @samp{mount -m} as described at
@file{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using-utils.html#mount}.
@item Delete the Cygwin root folder and all subfolders. If you get an error
that an object is in use, then ensure that you've stopped all services and
closed all Cygwin programs. If you get a 'Permission Denied' error then you
will need to modify the permissions and/or ownership of the files or folders
that are causing the error. For example, sometimes files used by system
services end up owned by the SYSTEM account and not writable by regular users.
The quickest way to delete the entire tree if you run into this problem is to
change the ownership of all files and folders to your account. To do this in
Windows Explorer, right click on the root Cygwin folder, choose Properties, then
the Security tab. Select Advanced, then go to the Owner tab and make sure your
account is listed as the owner. Select the 'Replace owner on subcontainers and
objects' checkbox and press Ok. After Explorer applies the changes you should
be able to delete the entire tree in one operation. Note that you can also
achieve this in Cygwin by typing @samp{chown -R user /} or by using other tools
such as CACLS.EXE.
@item Delete the Cygwin shortcuts on the Desktop and Start Menu, and anything
left by setup.exe in the download directory. However, if you plan to reinstall
Cygwin it's a good idea to keep your setup.exe download directory since you can
reinstall the packages left in its cache without redownloading them.
@item If you added Cygwin to your system path, you should remove it unless you
plan to reinstall Cygwin to the same location. Similarly, if you set your
CYGWIN environment variable system-wide and don't plan to reinstall, you should
remove it.
@item Finally, if you want to be thorough you can delete the registry tree
@samp{Software\Cygnus Solutions} under @code{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} and/or
@code{HKEY_CURRENT_USER}. However, if you followed the directions above you
will have already removed all the mount information which is typically the only
thing stored in the registry.
@end enumerate
@subsection How do I install snapshots?
First, are you sure you want to do this? Snapshots are risky. They
have not been tested. Use them @strong{only} if there is a feature or
bugfix that you need to try, and you are willing to deal with any
problems.
Before installing a snapshot, you must first Close @strong{all} Cygwin
applications, including shells and services (e.g. inetd, sshd), before
updating @code{cygwin1.dll}. You may have to restart Windows to clear
the DLL from memory.
You cannot use Setup to install a snapshot.
You should generally install the full
@code{cygwin-inst-YYYYMMDD.tar.bz2} update, rather than just the DLL,
otherwise some components may be out of sync. Cygwin tar won't be
able to update @code{/usr/bin/cygwin1.dll}, but it should succeed with
everything else.
@enumerate
@item Download the snapshot, and run:
@example
cd /
tar jxvf /posix/path/to/cygwin-inst-YYYYMMDD.tar.bz2 --exclude=usr/bin/cygwin1.dll
cd /tmp
tar jxvf /posix/path/to/cygwin-inst-YYYYMMDD.tar.bz2 usr/bin/cygwin1.dll
@end example
@item After closing all Cygwin apps (see above), use Explorer or the
Windows command shell to move @code{C:\cygwin\tmp\usr\bin\cygwin1.dll}
to @code{C:\cygwin\bin\cygwin1.dll}.
@end enumerate
@subsection Can Cygwin Setup maintain a ``mirror''?
NO. Cygwin Setup cannot do this for you. Use a tool designed for
this purpose. See @file{http://rsync.samba.org/},
@file{http://wget.sunsite.dk/} for utilities that can do this for you.
For more information on setting up a custom Cygwin package server, see
the Cygwin Setup homepage at
@file{http://sources.redhat.com/cygwin-apps/setup.html}.
@subsection How can I make my own portable Cygwin on CD?
While some users have successfully done this, for example Indiana
University's XLiveCD @file{http://xlivecd.indiana.edu/}, there is no
easy way to do it. Full instructions for constructing a porttable Cygwin
on CD by hand can be found on the mailing list at
@file{http://www.cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2003-07/msg01117.html}. (Thanks
to fergus at bonhard dot uklinux dot net for these instructions.)
@subsection How do I save, restore, delete, or modify the Cygwin information stored in the registry?
Currently Cygwin stores its mount table information in the registry. It
is recommended that you use the @samp{mount} and @samp{umount} commands
to manipulate the mount information instead of directly modifying the
registry.
To save the mount information to a file for later restoration, use
@samp{mount -m > mounts.bat} To remove all mount information use
@samp{umount -A}. To reincorporate saved mount information just run the
batch file. For more information on using @samp{mount}, see
@file{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using-utils.html#mount}.

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\input texinfo
@title The Cygwin README
@subtitle (Only partially updated for the latest net release.)
@setfilename readme.txt
@include install.texinfo
@chapter Release Information
@strong{(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest
net release.)}
@include changes.texinfo
@include relnotes.texinfo
@include calls.texinfo

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@chapter Known Problems in the Latest Net Release
@section Aware of the problem, no solution known.
@subsection Pipe key (@samp{|}) doesn't work on non-US keyboards in Win9x/ME
This might get fixed someday, but meanwhile, just use rxvt, which does
not have this problem. This is no real loss, because rxvt has many
other advantages. (Do not attempt to use the "broken" pipe key
(@samp{¦}) as a substitute, it is a different character.)
@subsection Cannot access tape devices with mt on Win9x
Win9x does not support the API used by the Cygwin fhandler_dev_tape
class. Details at
@file{http://sources.redhat.com/ml/cygwin/2000-12/msg00331.html}.
@subsection On Win9x, scp leaves ssh processes running.

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@chapter What is it?
The Cygwin tools are ports of the popular GNU development tools for
Microsoft Windows. They run thanks to the Cygwin library which
provides the UNIX system calls and environment these programs expect.
With these tools installed, it is possible to write Win32 console or
GUI applications that make use of the standard Microsoft Win32 API
and/or the Cygwin API. As a result, it is possible to easily
port many significant Unix programs without the need
for extensive changes to the source code. This includes configuring
and building most of the available GNU software (including the packages
included with the Cygwin development tools themselves). Even if
the development tools are of little to no use to you, you may have
interest in the many standard Unix utilities provided with the package.
They can be used both from the bash shell (provided) or from the
standard Windows command shell.
@section What versions of Windows are supported?
Wait a minute... Cygwin is only @emph{supported} if you are paying for
it, such as through a support contract with Red Hat. For information
about getting a Red Hat support contract, see
@file{http://www.redhat.com/software/tools/cygwin/}.
That said, Cygwin can be expected to run on all modern 32 bit versions of
Windows, except Windows CE. This includes Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP.
Keep in mind that Cygwin can only do as much as the underlying OS
supports. Because of this, Cygwin will behave differently, and
exhibit different limitations, on the various versions of Windows.
@section Where can I get it?
The home page for the Cygwin project is @file{http://cygwin.com/}.
There you should find everything you need for Cygwin, including links
for download and setup, a current list of mirror sites, a User's
Guide, an API Reference, mailing lists and archives, and additional
ported software.
You can find documentation for the individual GNU tools at
@file{http://www.fsf.org/manual/}. (You should read GNU manuals from a
local mirror. Check @file{http://www.fsf.org/server/list-mirrors.html}
for a list of them.)
@section Is it free software?
Yes. Parts are GNU software (gcc, gas, ld, etc...), parts are covered
by the standard X11 license, some of it is public domain, some of
it was written by Cygnus and placed under the GPL. None of it is
shareware. You don't have to pay anyone to use it but you should be
sure to read the copyright section of the FAQ for more information on
how the GNU General Public License may affect your use of these tools.
In particular, if you intend to port a proprietary (non-GPL'd)
application using Cygwin, you will need the proprietary-use license
for the Cygwin library. This is available for purchase; please visit
@file{http://www.redhat.com/software/tools/cygwin/} for more information.
All other questions should be sent to the project
mailing list cygwin@@cygwin.com.
Note that when we say "free" we mean freedom, not price. The goal of
such freedom is that the people who use a given piece of software
should be able to change it to fit their needs, learn from it, share
it with their friends, etc. The Cygwin license allows you those
freedoms, so it is free software.
@section What version of Cygwin @emph{is} this, anyway?
To find the version of the Cygwin DLL installed, you can use
@file{uname} as on Linux or @file{cygcheck}. Refer to each command's
@samp{--help} output and the @uref{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/,
Cygwin User's Guide} for more information.
If you are looking for the version number for the whole Cygwin
release, there is none. Each package in the Cygwin release has its own
version. The packages in Cygwin are continually improving, thanks to
the efforts of net volunteers who maintain the Cygwin binary ports.
Each package has its own version numbers and its own release process.
So, how do you get the most up-to-date version of Cygwin? Easy. Just
download the Cygwin Setup program from
@uref{http://cygwin.com/setup.exe}. This program will handle the task
of updating the packages on your system to the latest version. For
more information about using Cygwin's @file{setup.exe}, see
@uref{http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-net.html, Setting Up Cygwin}
in the Cygwin User's Guide.

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@chapter Who's behind the project?
@strong{(Please note that if you have cygwin-specific questions, all of these
people will appreciate it if you use the cygwin mailing lists rather than
sending personal email.)}
Chris Faylor is behind many of the recent changes in Cygwin. Prior to
joining Cygnus, he contributed significant fixes to the process control
and environ code, reworked the strace mechanism, and rewrote the
signal-related code from scratch as a Net contributor. In addition to
continuing to make technical contributions, Chris is also currently the
group's manager.
Corinna Vinschen has contributed several useful fixes to the path
handling code, console support, improved security handling, and raw
device support. Corinna is currently employed by Red Hat as a
GDB/Cygwin engineer.
DJ Delorie has done important work in profiling Cygwin,
worked on the Dejagnu automated testing framework, merged the dlltool
functionality into ld, wrote a good deal of the Cygwin Users' Guide,
authored the cygcheck utility, and made automated snapshots available
from our project WWW page. DJ is currently employed by Red Hat as
a GCC engineer.
Egor Duda has contributed many useful fixes. He is responsible for
Cygwin's ability to start a debugger on detection of a fatal error
as well as produce core dumps.
Robert Collins has contributed many improvements to thread handling
as well as generic fixes to cygwin itself.
Kazuhiro Fujieda has contributed many bug fixes and bug reports.
Earnie Boyd has contributed many bug fixes and is the mingw and w32api
maintainer.
David Starks-Browning is our dedicated FAQ maintainer.
Geoffrey Noer took over the Cygwin project from its initial author Steve
Chamberlain in mid-1996. As maintainer, he produced Net releases beta
16 through 20; made the development snapshots; worked with Net
contributors to fix bugs; made many various code improvements himself;
wrote a paper on Cygwin for the 1998 Usenix NT Symposium; authored the
project WWW pages, FAQ, README; etc. Geoffrey is not currently employed
by Red Hat.
Steve Chamberlain designed and implemented
Cygwin in 1995-1996 while working for Cygnus. He worked with the Net
to improve the technology, ported/integrated many of the user tools
for the first time to Cygwin, and produced all of the releases up to
beta 14. Steve is not currently employed by Red Hat.
Marco Fuykschot and Peter Boncz of Data Distilleries contributed nearly
all of the changes required to make Cygwin thread-safe. They also
provided the pthreads interface.
Sergey Okhapkin has been an invaluable Net contributor. He implemented
the tty/pty support, has played a significant role in revamping signal
and exception handling, and has made countless contributions throughout
the library. He also provided binaries of the development snapshots to
the Net after the beta 19 release.
Mumit Khan has been most helpful on the EGCS end of things, providing
quite a large number of stabilizing patches to the compiler tools for
the B20 release.
Philippe Giacinti contributed the implementation of dlopen, dlclose,
dlsym, dlfork, and dlerror in Cygwin.
Ian Lance Taylor did a much-needed rework of the path handling code for
beta 18, and has made many assorted fixes throughout the code. Jeremy
Allison made significant contributions in the area of file handling and
process control, and rewrote select from scratch. Doug Evans rewrote
the path-handling code in beta 16, among other things. Kim Knuttila and
Michael Meissner put in many long hours working on the now-defunct
PowerPC port. Jason Molenda and Mark Eichin have also made important
contributions.
Please note that all of us working on Cygwin try to
be as responsive as possible and deal with patches and questions as we
get them, but realistically we don't have time to answer all of the
email that is sent to the main mailing list. Making Net releases of the
Win32 tools and helping people on the Net out is not our primary job
function, so some email will have to go unanswered.
Many thanks to everyone using the tools for their many contributions in
the form of advice, bug reports, and code fixes. Keep them coming!