244 lines
8.0 KiB
Python
244 lines
8.0 KiB
Python
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"""Manage shelves of pickled objects.
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A "shelf" is a persistent, dictionary-like object. The difference
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with dbm databases is that the values (not the keys!) in a shelf can
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be essentially arbitrary Python objects -- anything that the "pickle"
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module can handle. This includes most class instances, recursive data
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types, and objects containing lots of shared sub-objects. The keys
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are ordinary strings.
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To summarize the interface (key is a string, data is an arbitrary
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object):
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import shelve
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d = shelve.open(filename) # open, with (g)dbm filename -- no suffix
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d[key] = data # store data at key (overwrites old data if
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# using an existing key)
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data = d[key] # retrieve a COPY of the data at key (raise
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# KeyError if no such key) -- NOTE that this
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# access returns a *copy* of the entry!
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del d[key] # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError
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# if no such key)
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flag = d.has_key(key) # true if the key exists; same as "key in d"
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list = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!)
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d.close() # close it
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Dependent on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary may
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or may not be necessary to flush changes to disk.
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Normally, d[key] returns a COPY of the entry. This needs care when
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mutable entries are mutated: for example, if d[key] is a list,
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d[key].append(anitem)
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does NOT modify the entry d[key] itself, as stored in the persistent
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mapping -- it only modifies the copy, which is then immediately
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discarded, so that the append has NO effect whatsoever. To append an
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item to d[key] in a way that will affect the persistent mapping, use:
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data = d[key]
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data.append(anitem)
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d[key] = data
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To avoid the problem with mutable entries, you may pass the keyword
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argument writeback=True in the call to shelve.open. When you use:
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d = shelve.open(filename, writeback=True)
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then d keeps a cache of all entries you access, and writes them all back
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to the persistent mapping when you call d.close(). This ensures that
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such usage as d[key].append(anitem) works as intended.
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However, using keyword argument writeback=True may consume vast amount
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of memory for the cache, and it may make d.close() very slow, if you
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access many of d's entries after opening it in this way: d has no way to
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check which of the entries you access are mutable and/or which ones you
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actually mutate, so it must cache, and write back at close, all of the
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entries that you access. You can call d.sync() to write back all the
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entries in the cache, and empty the cache (d.sync() also synchronizes
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the persistent dictionary on disk, if feasible).
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"""
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# Try using cPickle and cStringIO if available.
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try:
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from cPickle import Pickler, Unpickler
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except ImportError:
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from pickle import Pickler, Unpickler
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try:
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from cStringIO import StringIO
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except ImportError:
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from StringIO import StringIO
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import UserDict
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__all__ = ["Shelf","BsdDbShelf","DbfilenameShelf","open"]
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class _ClosedDict(UserDict.DictMixin):
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'Marker for a closed dict. Access attempts raise a ValueError.'
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def closed(self, *args):
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raise ValueError('invalid operation on closed shelf')
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__getitem__ = __setitem__ = __delitem__ = keys = closed
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def __repr__(self):
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return '<Closed Dictionary>'
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class Shelf(UserDict.DictMixin):
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"""Base class for shelf implementations.
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This is initialized with a dictionary-like object.
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See the module's __doc__ string for an overview of the interface.
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"""
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def __init__(self, dict, protocol=None, writeback=False):
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self.dict = dict
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if protocol is None:
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protocol = 0
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self._protocol = protocol
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self.writeback = writeback
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self.cache = {}
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def keys(self):
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return self.dict.keys()
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def __len__(self):
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return len(self.dict)
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def has_key(self, key):
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return key in self.dict
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def __contains__(self, key):
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return key in self.dict
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def get(self, key, default=None):
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if key in self.dict:
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return self[key]
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return default
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def __getitem__(self, key):
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try:
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value = self.cache[key]
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except KeyError:
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f = StringIO(self.dict[key])
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value = Unpickler(f).load()
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if self.writeback:
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self.cache[key] = value
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return value
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def __setitem__(self, key, value):
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if self.writeback:
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self.cache[key] = value
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f = StringIO()
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p = Pickler(f, self._protocol)
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p.dump(value)
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self.dict[key] = f.getvalue()
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def __delitem__(self, key):
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del self.dict[key]
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try:
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del self.cache[key]
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except KeyError:
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pass
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def close(self):
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if self.dict is None:
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return
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try:
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self.sync()
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try:
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self.dict.close()
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except AttributeError:
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pass
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finally:
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# Catch errors that may happen when close is called from __del__
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# because CPython is in interpreter shutdown.
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try:
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self.dict = _ClosedDict()
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except:
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self.dict = None
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def __del__(self):
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if not hasattr(self, 'writeback'):
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# __init__ didn't succeed, so don't bother closing
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return
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self.close()
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def sync(self):
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if self.writeback and self.cache:
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self.writeback = False
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for key, entry in self.cache.iteritems():
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self[key] = entry
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self.writeback = True
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self.cache = {}
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if hasattr(self.dict, 'sync'):
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self.dict.sync()
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class BsdDbShelf(Shelf):
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"""Shelf implementation using the "BSD" db interface.
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This adds methods first(), next(), previous(), last() and
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set_location() that have no counterpart in [g]dbm databases.
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The actual database must be opened using one of the "bsddb"
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modules "open" routines (i.e. bsddb.hashopen, bsddb.btopen or
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bsddb.rnopen) and passed to the constructor.
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See the module's __doc__ string for an overview of the interface.
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"""
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def __init__(self, dict, protocol=None, writeback=False):
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Shelf.__init__(self, dict, protocol, writeback)
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def set_location(self, key):
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(key, value) = self.dict.set_location(key)
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f = StringIO(value)
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return (key, Unpickler(f).load())
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def next(self):
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(key, value) = self.dict.next()
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f = StringIO(value)
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return (key, Unpickler(f).load())
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def previous(self):
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(key, value) = self.dict.previous()
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f = StringIO(value)
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return (key, Unpickler(f).load())
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def first(self):
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(key, value) = self.dict.first()
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f = StringIO(value)
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return (key, Unpickler(f).load())
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def last(self):
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(key, value) = self.dict.last()
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f = StringIO(value)
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return (key, Unpickler(f).load())
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class DbfilenameShelf(Shelf):
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"""Shelf implementation using the "anydbm" generic dbm interface.
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This is initialized with the filename for the dbm database.
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See the module's __doc__ string for an overview of the interface.
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"""
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def __init__(self, filename, flag='c', protocol=None, writeback=False):
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import anydbm
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Shelf.__init__(self, anydbm.open(filename, flag), protocol, writeback)
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def open(filename, flag='c', protocol=None, writeback=False):
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"""Open a persistent dictionary for reading and writing.
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The filename parameter is the base filename for the underlying
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database. As a side-effect, an extension may be added to the
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filename and more than one file may be created. The optional flag
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parameter has the same interpretation as the flag parameter of
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anydbm.open(). The optional protocol parameter specifies the
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version of the pickle protocol (0, 1, or 2).
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See the module's __doc__ string for an overview of the interface.
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"""
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return DbfilenameShelf(filename, flag, protocol, writeback)
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