179 lines
8.0 KiB
Plaintext
179 lines
8.0 KiB
Plaintext
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FTS4 CONTENT OPTION
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Normally, in order to create a full-text index on a dataset, the FTS4
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module stores a copy of all indexed documents in a specially created
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database table.
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As of SQLite version 3.7.9, FTS4 supports a new option - "content" -
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designed to extend FTS4 to support the creation of full-text indexes where:
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* The indexed documents are not stored within the SQLite database
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at all (a "contentless" FTS4 table), or
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* The indexed documents are stored in a database table created and
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managed by the user (an "external content" FTS4 table).
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Because the indexed documents themselves are usually much larger than
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the full-text index, the content option can sometimes be used to achieve
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significant space savings.
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CONTENTLESS FTS4 TABLES
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In order to create an FTS4 table that does not store a copy of the indexed
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documents at all, the content option should be set to an empty string.
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For example, the following SQL creates such an FTS4 table with three
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columns - "a", "b", and "c":
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CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE t1 USING fts4(content="", a, b, c);
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Data can be inserted into such an FTS4 table using an INSERT statements.
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However, unlike ordinary FTS4 tables, the user must supply an explicit
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integer docid value. For example:
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-- This statement is Ok:
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INSERT INTO t1(docid, a, b, c) VALUES(1, 'a b c', 'd e f', 'g h i');
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-- This statement causes an error, as no docid value has been provided:
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INSERT INTO t1(a, b, c) VALUES('j k l', 'm n o', 'p q r');
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It is not possible to UPDATE or DELETE a row stored in a contentless FTS4
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table. Attempting to do so is an error.
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Contentless FTS4 tables also support SELECT statements. However, it is
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an error to attempt to retrieve the value of any table column other than
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the docid column. The auxiliary function matchinfo() may be used, but
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snippet() and offsets() may not. For example:
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-- The following statements are Ok:
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SELECT docid FROM t1 WHERE t1 MATCH 'xxx';
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SELECT docid FROM t1 WHERE a MATCH 'xxx';
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SELECT matchinfo(t1) FROM t1 WHERE t1 MATCH 'xxx';
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-- The following statements all cause errors, as the value of columns
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-- other than docid are required to evaluate them.
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SELECT * FROM t1;
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SELECT a, b FROM t1 WHERE t1 MATCH 'xxx';
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SELECT docid FROM t1 WHERE a LIKE 'xxx%';
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SELECT snippet(t1) FROM t1 WHERE t1 MATCH 'xxx';
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Errors related to attempting to retrieve column values other than docid
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are runtime errors that occur within sqlite3_step(). In some cases, for
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example if the MATCH expression in a SELECT query matches zero rows, there
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may be no error at all even if a statement does refer to column values
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other than docid.
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EXTERNAL CONTENT FTS4 TABLES
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An "external content" FTS4 table is similar to a contentless table, except
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that if evaluation of a query requires the value of a column other than
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docid, FTS4 attempts to retrieve that value from a table (or view, or
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virtual table) nominated by the user (hereafter referred to as the "content
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table"). The FTS4 module never writes to the content table, and writing
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to the content table does not affect the full-text index. It is the
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responsibility of the user to ensure that the content table and the
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full-text index are consistent.
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An external content FTS4 table is created by setting the content option
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to the name of a table (or view, or virtual table) that may be queried by
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FTS4 to retrieve column values when required. If the nominated table does
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not exist, then an external content table behaves in the same way as
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a contentless table. For example:
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CREATE TABLE t2(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, a, b, c);
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CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE t3 USING fts4(content="t2", a, c);
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Assuming the nominated table does exist, then its columns must be the same
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as or a superset of those defined for the FTS table.
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When a users query on the FTS table requires a column value other than
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docid, FTS attempts to read this value from the corresponding column of
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the row in the content table with a rowid value equal to the current FTS
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docid. Or, if such a row cannot be found in the content table, a NULL
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value is used instead. For example:
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CREATE TABLE t2(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, a, b, c, d);
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CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE t3 USING fts4(content="t2", b, c);
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INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(2, 'a b', 'c d', 'e f');
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INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(3, 'g h', 'i j', 'k l');
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INSERT INTO t3(docid, b, c) SELECT id, b, c FROM t2;
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-- The following query returns a single row with two columns containing
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-- the text values "i j" and "k l".
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--
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-- The query uses the full-text index to discover that the MATCH
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-- term matches the row with docid=3. It then retrieves the values
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-- of columns b and c from the row with rowid=3 in the content table
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-- to return.
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--
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SELECT * FROM t3 WHERE t3 MATCH 'k';
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-- Following the UPDATE, the query still returns a single row, this
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-- time containing the text values "xxx" and "yyy". This is because the
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-- full-text index still indicates that the row with docid=3 matches
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-- the FTS4 query 'k', even though the documents stored in the content
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-- table have been modified.
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--
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UPDATE t2 SET b = 'xxx', c = 'yyy' WHERE rowid = 3;
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SELECT * FROM t3 WHERE t3 MATCH 'k';
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-- Following the DELETE below, the query returns one row containing two
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-- NULL values. NULL values are returned because FTS is unable to find
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-- a row with rowid=3 within the content table.
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--
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DELETE FROM t2;
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SELECT * FROM t3 WHERE t3 MATCH 'k';
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When a row is deleted from an external content FTS4 table, FTS4 needs to
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retrieve the column values of the row being deleted from the content table.
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This is so that FTS4 can update the full-text index entries for each token
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that occurs within the deleted row to indicate that that row has been
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deleted. If the content table row cannot be found, or if it contains values
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inconsistent with the contents of the FTS index, the results can be difficult
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to predict. The FTS index may be left containing entries corresponding to the
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deleted row, which can lead to seemingly nonsensical results being returned
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by subsequent SELECT queries. The same applies when a row is updated, as
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internally an UPDATE is the same as a DELETE followed by an INSERT.
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Instead of writing separately to the full-text index and the content table,
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some users may wish to use database triggers to keep the full-text index
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up to date with respect to the set of documents stored in the content table.
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For example, using the tables from earlier examples:
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CREATE TRIGGER t2_bu BEFORE UPDATE ON t2 BEGIN
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DELETE FROM t3 WHERE docid=old.rowid;
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END;
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CREATE TRIGGER t2_bd BEFORE DELETE ON t2 BEGIN
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DELETE FROM t3 WHERE docid=old.rowid;
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END;
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CREATE TRIGGER t2_bu AFTER UPDATE ON t2 BEGIN
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INSERT INTO t3(docid, b, c) VALUES(new.rowid, new.b, new.c);
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END;
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CREATE TRIGGER t2_bd AFTER INSERT ON t2 BEGIN
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INSERT INTO t3(docid, b, c) VALUES(new.rowid, new.b, new.c);
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END;
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The DELETE trigger must be fired before the actual delete takes place
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on the content table. This is so that FTS4 can still retrieve the original
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values in order to update the full-text index. And the INSERT trigger must
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be fired after the new row is inserted, so as to handle the case where the
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rowid is assigned automatically within the system. The UPDATE trigger must
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be split into two parts, one fired before and one after the update of the
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content table, for the same reasons.
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FTS4 features a special command similar to the 'optimize' command that
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deletes the entire full-text index and rebuilds it based on the current
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set of documents in the content table. Assuming again that "t3" is the
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name of the external content FTS4 table, the command is:
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INSERT INTO t3(t3) VALUES('rebuild');
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This command may also be used with ordinary FTS4 tables, although it may
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only be useful if the full-text index has somehow become corrupt. It is an
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error to attempt to rebuild the full-text index maintained by a contentless
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FTS4 table.
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